Multi-link discovery signaling in extremely high throughput (EHT) systems

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of a multi-link access point (AP) device, station (STA) and method of communication are generally described herein. The multi-link AP device may comprise multiple APs. The multi-link AP device may encode a frame for transmission by one of the APs of the multi-link AP device. The multi-link AP device may encode the frame to include signaling to enable multi-link discovery of the APs of the multi-link AP device. The multi-link AP device may encode the signaling to include: a reduced neighbor report (RNR) element that identifies the APs of the multi-link AP device, and a multiple AP element. The multiple AP element may be configurable to include: common information for the APs of the multi-link AP device, and per-AP sub-elements that include per-AP information related to the APs of the multi-link AP device.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/825,028, filed Mar. 20, 2020, which claims priority under 35 USC119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/821,198, filedMar. 20, 2019, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.62/835,352, filed Apr. 17, 2019, and to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 62/844,238, filed May 7, 2019, and to U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/835,346, filed Apr. 17, 2019,and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/858,004, filedJun. 6, 2019, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.62/858,462, filed Jun. 7, 2019, all of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments pertain to wireless networks and wireless communications.Some embodiments relate to wireless local area networks (WLANs) andWi-Fi networks including networks operating in accordance with the IEEE802.11 family of standards. Some embodiments relate to Extremely HighThroughput (EHT) protocols. Some embodiments relate to methods, computerreadable media, and apparatus for multi-link discovery signaling in EHTsystems.

BACKGROUND

Efficient use of the resources of a wireless local-area network (WLAN)is important to provide bandwidth and acceptable response times to theusers of the WLAN. However, often there are many devices trying to sharethe same resources and some devices may be limited by the communicationprotocol they use or by their hardware bandwidth. Moreover, wirelessdevices may need to operate with both newer protocols and with legacydevice protocols.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure is illustrated by way of example and notlimitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which likereferences indicate similar elements and in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a radio architecture in accordance withsome embodiments;

FIG. 2 illustrates a front-end module circuitry for use in the radioarchitecture of FIG. 1 in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 3 illustrates a radio IC circuitry for use in the radioarchitecture of FIG. 1 in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 4 illustrates a baseband processing circuitry for use in the radioarchitecture of FIG. 1 in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 5A illustrates a WLAN in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 5B illustrates example multi-link devices in accordance with someembodiments;

FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an example machine upon which anyone or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies) discussed herein mayperform;

FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless device uponwhich any one or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies oroperations) discussed herein may perform;

FIG. 8 illustrates the operation of a method in accordance with someembodiments;

FIG. 9 illustrates example multi-band operation in accordance with someembodiments;

FIG. 10 illustrates example operations in accordance with someembodiments;

FIG. 11 illustrates example scenarios in accordance with someembodiments;

FIG. 12 illustrates an example multi-link device in accordance with someembodiments;

FIG. 13 illustrates example elements in accordance with someembodiments;

FIG. 14 illustrates an example element in accordance with someembodiments;

FIG. 15 illustrates example elements in accordance with someembodiments;

FIG. 16 illustrates an example element in accordance with someembodiments;

FIG. 17 illustrates an example element in accordance with someembodiments;

FIG. 18 illustrates an example element in accordance with someembodiments;

FIG. 19 illustrates an example multi-link device in accordance with someembodiments;

FIG. 20 illustrates example scenarios in accordance with someembodiments;

FIG. 21 illustrates example elements in accordance with someembodiments;

FIG. 22 illustrates example elements in accordance with someembodiments; and

FIG. 23 illustrates an example scenario in accordance with someembodiments.

DESCRIPTION

The following description and the drawings sufficiently illustratespecific embodiments to enable those skilled in the art to practicethem. Other embodiments may incorporate structural, logical, electrical,process, and other changes. Portions and features of some embodimentsmay be included in, or substituted for, those of other embodiments.Embodiments set forth in the claims encompass all available equivalentsof those claims.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a radio architecture 100 in accordance withsome embodiments. Radio architecture 100 may include radio front-endmodule (FEM) circuitry 104, radio IC circuitry 106 and basebandprocessing circuitry 108. Radio architecture 100 as shown includes bothWireless Local Area Network (WLAN) functionality and Bluetooth (BT)functionality although embodiments are not so limited. In thisdisclosure, “WLAN” and “Wi-Fi” are used interchangeably.

FEM circuitry 104 may include a WLAN or Wi-Fi FEM circuitry 104A and aBluetooth (BT) FEM circuitry 104B. The WLAN FEM circuitry 104A mayinclude a receive signal path comprising circuitry configured to operateon WLAN RF signals received from one or more antennas 101, to amplifythe received signals and to provide the amplified versions of thereceived signals to the WLAN radio IC circuitry 106A for furtherprocessing. The BT FEM circuitry 104B may include a receive signal pathwhich may include circuitry configured to operate on BT RF signalsreceived from one or more antennas 101, to amplify the received signalsand to provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the BTradio IC circuitry 106B for further processing. FEM circuitry 104A mayalso include a transmit signal path which may include circuitryconfigured to amplify WLAN signals provided by the radio IC circuitry106A for wireless transmission by one or more of the antennas 101. Inaddition, FEM circuitry 104B may also include a transmit signal pathwhich may include circuitry configured to amplify BT signals provided bythe radio IC circuitry 106B for wireless transmission by the one or moreantennas. In the embodiment of FIG. 1 , although FEM 104A and FEM 104Bare shown as being distinct from one another, embodiments are not solimited, and include within their scope the use of an FEM (not shown)that includes a transmit path and/or a receive path for both WLAN and BTsignals, or the use of one or more FEM circuitries where at least someof the FEM circuitries share transmit and/or receive signal paths forboth WLAN and BT signals.

Radio IC circuitry 106 as shown may include WLAN radio IC circuitry 106Aand BT radio IC circuitry 106B. The WLAN radio IC circuitry 106A mayinclude a receive signal path which may include circuitry todown-convert WLAN RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 104A andprovide baseband signals to WLAN baseband processing circuitry 108A. BTradio IC circuitry 106B may in turn include a receive signal path whichmay include circuitry to down-convert BT RF signals received from theFEM circuitry 104B and provide baseband signals to BT basebandprocessing circuitry 108B. WLAN radio IC circuitry 106A may also includea transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convert WLANbaseband signals provided by the WLAN baseband processing circuitry 108Aand provide WLAN RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 104A forsubsequent wireless transmission by the one or more antennas 101. BTradio IC circuitry 106B may also include a transmit signal path whichmay include circuitry to up-convert BT baseband signals provided by theBT baseband processing circuitry 108B and provide BT RF output signalsto the FEM circuitry 104B for subsequent wireless transmission by theone or more antennas 101. In the embodiment of FIG. 1 , although radioIC circuitries 106A and 106B are shown as being distinct from oneanother, embodiments are not so limited, and include within their scopethe use of a radio IC circuitry (not shown) that includes a transmitsignal path and/or a receive signal path for both WLAN and BT signals,or the use of one or more radio IC circuitries where at least some ofthe radio IC circuitries share transmit and/or receive signal paths forboth WLAN and BT signals.

Baseband processing circuitry 108 may include a WLAN baseband processingcircuitry 108A and a BT baseband processing circuitry 108B. The WLANbaseband processing circuitry 108A may include a memory, such as, forexample, a set of RAM arrays in a Fast Fourier Transform or Inverse FastFourier Transform block (not shown) of the WLAN baseband processingcircuitry 108A. Each of the WLAN baseband circuitry 108A and the BTbaseband circuitry 108B may further include one or more processors andcontrol logic to process the signals received from the correspondingWLAN or BT receive signal path of the radio IC circuitry 106, and toalso generate corresponding WLAN or BT baseband signals for the transmitsignal path of the radio IC circuitry 106. Each of the basebandprocessing circuitries 108A and 108B may further include physical layer(PHY) and medium access control layer (MAC) circuitry, and may furtherinterface with application processor 111 for generation and processingof the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the radio ICcircuitry 106.

Referring still to FIG. 1 , according to the shown embodiment, WLAN-BTcoexistence circuitry 113 may include logic providing an interfacebetween the WLAN baseband circuitry 108A and the BT baseband circuitry108B to enable use cases requiring WLAN and BT coexistence. In addition,a switch 103 may be provided between the WLAN FEM circuitry 104A and theBT FEM circuitry 104B to allow switching between the WLAN and BT radiosaccording to application needs. In addition, although the antennas 101are depicted as being respectively connected to the WLAN FEM circuitry104A and the BT FEM circuitry 104B, embodiments include within theirscope the sharing of one or more antennas as between the WLAN and BTFEMs, or the provision of more than one antenna connected to each of FEM104A or 104B.

In some embodiments, the front-end module circuitry 104, the radio ICcircuitry 106, and baseband processing circuitry 108 may be provided ona single radio card, such as wireless radio card 102. In some otherembodiments, the one or more antennas 101, the FEM circuitry 104 and theradio IC circuitry 106 may be provided on a single radio card. In someother embodiments, the radio IC circuitry 106 and the basebandprocessing circuitry 108 may be provided on a single chip or integratedcircuit (IC), such as IC 112.

In some embodiments, the wireless radio card 102 may include a WLANradio card and may be configured for Wi-Fi communications, although thescope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some ofthese embodiments, the radio architecture 100 may be configured toreceive and transmit orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) ororthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communicationsignals over a multicarrier communication channel. The OFDM or OFDMAsignals may comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers.

In some of these multicarrier embodiments, radio architecture 100 may bepart of a Wi-Fi communication station (STA) such as a wireless accesspoint (AP), a base station or a mobile device including a Wi-Fi device.In some of these embodiments, radio architecture 100 may be configuredto transmit and receive signals in accordance with specificcommunication standards and/or protocols, such as any of the Instituteof Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards including, IEEE802.11n-2009, IEEE 802.11-2012, IEEE 802.11-2016, IEEE 802.1 lac, and/orIEEE 802.1 lax standards, Extremely High Throughput (EHT) standards,and/or proposed specifications for WLANs, although the scope ofembodiments is not limited in this respect. Radio architecture 100 mayalso be suitable to transmit and/or receive communications in accordancewith other techniques and standards.

In some embodiments, the radio architecture 100 may be configured tocommunicate in accordance with EHT techniques/protocols and/or other802.11 techniques/protocols. In these embodiments, the radioarchitecture 100 may be configured to communicate in accordance with anOFDMA technique, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited inthis respect.

In some other embodiments, the radio architecture 100 may be configuredto transmit and receive signals transmitted using one or more othermodulation techniques such as spread spectrum modulation (e.g., directsequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) and/or frequencyhopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA)), time-divisionmultiplexing (TDM) modulation, and/or frequency-division multiplexing(FDM) modulation, although the scope of the embodiments is not limitedin this respect.

In some embodiments, as further shown in FIG. 1 , the BT basebandcircuitry 108B may be compliant with a Bluetooth (BT) connectivitystandard such as Bluetooth, Bluetooth 4.0 or Bluetooth 5.0, or any otheriteration of the Bluetooth Standard. In embodiments that include BTfunctionality as shown for example in FIG. 1 , the radio architecture100 may be configured to establish a BT synchronous connection oriented(SCO) link and/or a BT low energy (BT LE) link. In some of theembodiments that include functionality, the radio architecture 100 maybe configured to establish an extended SCO (eSCO) link for BTcommunications, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited inthis respect. In some of these embodiments that include a BTfunctionality, the radio architecture may be configured to engage in aBT Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) communications, although the scopeof the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some embodiments,as shown in FIG. 1 , the functions of a BT radio card and WLAN radiocard may be combined on a single wireless radio card, such as singlewireless radio card 102, although embodiments are not so limited, andinclude within their scope discrete WLAN and BT radio cards

In some embodiments, the radio-architecture 100 may include other radiocards, such as a cellular radio card configured for cellular (e.g., 3GPPsuch as LTE, LTE-Advanced or 5G communications).

In some IEEE 802.11 embodiments, the radio architecture 100 may beconfigured for communication over various channel bandwidths includingbandwidths having center frequencies of about 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz,and bandwidths of about 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 4 MHz, 5 MHz, 8 MHz, 10MHz, 16 MHz, 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz (with contiguous bandwidths) or80+80 MHz (160 MHz) (with non-contiguous bandwidths). In someembodiments, a 320 MHz channel bandwidth may be used. The scope of theembodiments is not limited with respect to the above center frequencieshowever.

FIG. 2 illustrates FEM circuitry 200 in accordance with someembodiments. The FEM circuitry 200 is one example of circuitry that maybe suitable for use as the WLAN and/or BT FEM circuitry 104A/104B (FIG.1 ), although other circuitry configurations may also be suitable.

In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry 200 may include a TX/RX switch202 to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEMcircuitry 200 may include a receive signal path and a transmit signalpath. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry 200 may include alow-noise amplifier (LNA) 206 to amplify received RF signals 203 andprovide the amplified received RF signals 207 as an output (e.g., to theradio IC circuitry 106 (FIG. 1 )). The transmit signal path of thecircuitry 200 may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RFsignals 209 (e.g., provided by the radio IC circuitry 106), and one ormore filters 212, such as band-pass filters (BPFs), low-pass filters(LPFs) or other types of filters, to generate RF signals 215 forsubsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the antennas 101 (FIG.1 )).

In some dual-mode embodiments for Wi-Fi communication, the FEM circuitry200 may be configured to operate in either the 2.4 GHz frequencyspectrum or the 5 GHz frequency spectrum. In these embodiments, thereceive signal path of the FEM circuitry 200 may include a receivesignal path duplexer 204 to separate the signals from each spectrum aswell as provide a separate LNA 206 for each spectrum as shown. In theseembodiments, the transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 200 may alsoinclude a power amplifier 210 and a filter 212, such as a BPF, a LPF oranother type of filter for each frequency spectrum and a transmit signalpath duplexer 214 to provide the signals of one of the differentspectrums onto a single transmit path for subsequent transmission by theone or more of the antennas 101 (FIG. 1 ). In some embodiments, BTcommunications may utilize the 2.4 GHZ signal paths and may utilize thesame FEM circuitry 200 as the one used for WLAN communications.

FIG. 3 illustrates radio IC circuitry 300 in accordance with someembodiments. The radio IC circuitry 300 is one example of circuitry thatmay be suitable for use as the WLAN or BT radio IC circuitry 106A/106B(FIG. 1 ), although other circuitry configurations may also be suitable.

In some embodiments, the radio IC circuitry 300 may include a receivesignal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of theradio IC circuitry 300 may include at least mixer circuitry 302, suchas, for example, down-conversion mixer circuitry, amplifier circuitry306 and filter circuitry 308. The transmit signal path of the radio ICcircuitry 300 may include at least filter circuitry 312 and mixercircuitry 314, such as, for example, up-conversion mixer circuitry.Radio IC circuitry 300 may also include synthesizer circuitry 304 forsynthesizing a frequency 305 for use by the mixer circuitry 302 and themixer circuitry 314. The mixer circuitry 302 and/or 314 may each,according to some embodiments, be configured to provide directconversion functionality. The latter type of circuitry presents a muchsimpler architecture as compared with standard super-heterodyne mixercircuitries, and any flicker noise brought about by the same may bealleviated for example through the use of OFDM modulation. FIG. 3illustrates only a simplified version of a radio IC circuitry, and mayinclude, although not shown, embodiments where each of the depictedcircuitries may include more than one component. For instance, mixercircuitry 320 and/or 314 may each include one or more mixers, and filtercircuitries 308 and/or 312 may each include one or more filters, such asone or more BPFs and/or LPFs according to application needs. Forexample, when mixer circuitries are of the direct-conversion type, theymay each include two or more mixers.

In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 302 may be configured todown-convert RF signals 207 received from the FEM circuitry 104 (FIG. 1) based on the synthesized frequency 305 provided by synthesizercircuitry 304. The amplifier circuitry 306 may be configured to amplifythe down-converted signals and the filter circuitry 308 may include aLPF configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-convertedsignals to generate output baseband signals 307. Output baseband signals307 may be provided to the baseband processing circuitry 108 (FIG. 1 )for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signals307 may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not arequirement. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 302 may comprisepassive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited inthis respect.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 314 may be configured toup-convert input baseband signals 311 based on the synthesized frequency305 provided by the synthesizer circuitry 304 to generate RF outputsignals 209 for the FEM circuitry 104. The baseband signals 311 may beprovided by the baseband processing circuitry 108 and may be filtered byfilter circuitry 312. The filter circuitry 312 may include a LPF or aBPF, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in thisrespect.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 302 and the mixer circuitry 314may each include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadraturedown-conversion and/or up-conversion respectively with the help ofsynthesizer 304. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 302 and themixer circuitry 314 may each include two or more mixers each configuredfor image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In someembodiments, the mixer circuitry 302 and the mixer circuitry 314 may bearranged for direct down-conversion and/or direct up-conversion,respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 302 and the mixercircuitry 314 may be configured for super-heterodyne operation, althoughthis is not a requirement.

Mixer circuitry 302 may comprise, according to one embodiment:quadrature passive mixers (e.g., for the in-phase (I) and quadraturephase (Q) paths). In such an embodiment, RF input signal 207 from FIG. 3may be down-converted to provide I and Q baseband output signals to besent to the baseband processor

Quadrature passive mixers may be driven by zero and ninety-degreetime-varying LO switching signals provided by a quadrature circuitrywhich may be configured to receive a LO frequency (f_(LO)) from a localoscillator or a synthesizer, such as LO frequency 305 of synthesizer 304(FIG. 3 ). In some embodiments, the LO frequency may be the carrierfrequency, while in other embodiments, the LO frequency may be afraction of the carrier frequency (e.g., one-half the carrier frequency,one-third the carrier frequency). In some embodiments, the zero andninety-degree time-varying switching signals may be generated by thesynthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited inthis respect.

In some embodiments, the LO signals may differ in duty cycle (thepercentage of one period in which the LO signal is high) and/or offset(the difference between start points of the period). In someembodiments, the LO signals may have a 25% duty cycle and a 50% offset.In some embodiments, each branch of the mixer circuitry (e.g., thein-phase (I) and quadrature phase (Q) path) may operate at a 25% dutycycle, which may result in a significant reduction is power consumption.

The RF input signal 207 (FIG. 2 ) may comprise a balanced signal,although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.The I and Q baseband output signals may be provided to low-noseamplifier, such as amplifier circuitry 306 (FIG. 3 ) or to filtercircuitry 308 (FIG. 3 ).

In some embodiments, the output baseband signals 307 and the inputbaseband signals 311 may be analog baseband signals, although the scopeof the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternateembodiments, the output baseband signals 307 and the input basebandsignals 311 may be digital baseband signals. In these alternateembodiments, the radio IC circuitry may include analog-to-digitalconverter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry.

In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may beprovided for processing signals for each spectrum, or for otherspectrums not mentioned here, although the scope of the embodiments isnot limited in this respect.

In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 304 may be a fractional-Nsynthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of theembodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequencysynthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry 304 maybe a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizercomprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider. According tosome embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 304 may include digitalsynthesizer circuitry. An advantage of using a digital synthesizercircuitry is that, although it may still include some analog components,its footprint may be scaled down much more than the footprint of ananalog synthesizer circuitry. In some embodiments, frequency input intosynthesizer circuitry 304 may be provided by a voltage controlledoscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. A divider controlinput may further be provided by either the baseband processingcircuitry 108 (FIG. 1 ) or the application processor 111 (FIG. 1 )depending on the desired output frequency 305. In some embodiments, adivider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table(e.g., within a Wi-Fi card) based on a channel number and a channelcenter frequency as determined or indicated by the application processor111.

In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry 304 may be configured togenerate a carrier frequency as the output frequency 305, while in otherembodiments, the output frequency 305 may be a fraction of the carrierfrequency (e.g., one-half the carrier frequency, one-third the carrierfrequency). In some embodiments, the output frequency 305 may be a LOfrequency (f_(LO)).

FIG. 4 illustrates a functional block diagram of baseband processingcircuitry 400 in accordance with some embodiments. The basebandprocessing circuitry 400 is one example of circuitry that may besuitable for use as the baseband processing circuitry 108 (FIG. 1 ),although other circuitry configurations may also be suitable. Thebaseband processing circuitry 400 may include a receive basebandprocessor (RX BBP) 402 for processing receive baseband signals 309provided by the radio IC circuitry 106 (FIG. 1 ) and a transmit basebandprocessor (TX BBP) 404 for generating transmit baseband signals 311 forthe radio IC circuitry 106. The baseband processing circuitry 400 mayalso include control logic 406 for coordinating the operations of thebaseband processing circuitry 400.

In some embodiments (e.g., when analog baseband signals are exchangedbetween the baseband processing circuitry 400 and the radio IC circuitry106), the baseband processing circuitry 400 may include ADC 410 toconvert analog baseband signals received from the radio IC circuitry 106to digital baseband signals for processing by the RX BBP 402. In theseembodiments, the baseband processing circuitry 400 may also include DAC412 to convert digital baseband signals from the TX BBP 404 to analogbaseband signals.

In some embodiments that communicate OFDM signals or OFDMA signals, suchas through baseband processor 108A, the transmit baseband processor 404may be configured to generate OFDM or OFDMA signals as appropriate fortransmission by performing an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT). Thereceive baseband processor 402 may be configured to process receivedOFDM signals or OFDMA signals by performing an FFT. In some embodiments,the receive baseband processor 402 may be configured to detect thepresence of an OFDM signal or OFDMA signal by performing anautocorrelation, to detect a preamble, such as a short preamble, and byperforming a cross-correlation, to detect a long preamble. The preamblesmay be part of a predetermined frame structure for Wi-Fi communication.

Referring back to FIG. 1 , in some embodiments, the antennas 101 (FIG. 1) may each comprise one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas,including, for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patchantennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas or other types of antennassuitable for transmission of RF signals. In some multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) embodiments, the antennas may be effectivelyseparated to take advantage of spatial diversity and the differentchannel characteristics that may result. Antennas 101 may each include aset of phased-array antennas, although embodiments are not so limited.

Although the radio-architecture 100 is illustrated as having severalseparate functional elements, one or more of the functional elements maybe combined and may be implemented by combinations ofsoftware-configured elements, such as processing elements includingdigital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements. Forexample, some elements may comprise one or more microprocessors, DSPs,field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integratedcircuits (ASICs), radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) andcombinations of various hardware and logic circuitry for performing atleast the functions described herein. In some embodiments, thefunctional elements may refer to one or more processes operating on oneor more processing elements.

FIG. 5A illustrates a WLAN 500 in accordance with some embodiments. FIG.5B illustrates example multi-link devices in accordance with someembodiments. In some descriptions herein, “FIG. 5 ” may include FIG. 5Aand FIG. 5B.

In some embodiments, the WLAN 500 may comprise an AP 502, and one ormore stations (STAs) 504. Embodiments are not limited to the number ofelements (such as APs 502, STAs 504, multi-link AP device 510,multi-link STA device 520, and/or other) shown in FIG. 5 .

In some embodiments, the AP 502 may communicate with one or more of theSTAs 504. Embodiments are not limited to a single AP 502, as the WLAN500 may comprise one or more APs 502, in some embodiments. In someembodiments, the AP 502 may be a base station. The AP 502 and/or STAs504 may use other communications protocols as well as the IEEE 802.11protocol. The IEEE 802.11 protocol may be IEEE 802.11ax. The IEEE 802.11protocol may include using orthogonal frequency division multiple-access(OFDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and/or code divisionmultiple access (CDMA). The IEEE 802.11 protocol may include a multipleaccess technique. For example, the IEEE 802.11 protocol may includespace-division multiple access (SDMA) and/or multiple-usermultiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO).

The AP 502 and/or STAs 504 may operate in accordance with one or more ofIEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac/ad/af/ah/aj/ay, EHT, or another legacy wirelesscommunication standard. In some embodiments, the STAs 504 may bewireless transmit and receive devices such as cellular telephone,portable electronic wireless communication devices, smart telephone,handheld wireless device, wireless glasses, wireless watch, wirelesspersonal device, tablet, or another device that may be transmitting andreceiving using the IEEE 802.11 protocol such as IEEE 802.1 lax oranother wireless protocol.

In some embodiments, the STA 504 is a logical entity that is a singlyaddressable instance of a medium access control (MAC) and physical layer(PHY) interface to the wireless medium (WM). In some embodiments, alink, in the context of an IEEE 802.11 medium access control (MAC)entity, is a physical path consisting of exactly one traversal of thewireless medium (WM) that is usable to transfer MAC service data units(MSDUs) between two stations (STAs). In some embodiments, a multi-linkAP device is a multi-link device, wherein each STA 504 in the multi-linkdevice is an AP 502. A multi-link AP device 510 has an address tocommunicate to DSM. Referring to FIG. 5B, the multi-link AP device 510comprises multiple APs 502. The multi-link STA device 520 (which mayalso be referred to as a multi-link non-AP device 520 in somedescriptions herein) comprises multiple STAs 504.

In some embodiments, a Multi-link AP device 510 has multiple APs 502.When scanning the channel where there is one AP 502 of the Multi-link APdevice 510, EHT STAs have to be able to discover the Multi-link APdevice 510 along with the AP 502. This means that all or at least someof the other APs 502 that are part of the multi-link AP device 510 haveto be discoverable by the STAs 504. In the vast majority of cases, theseAPs 502 will also allow legacy STAs 504 (up to HE STAs) to associate tothen and therefore have to be discovered by legacy STAs 504 as well. Insome cases, we can consider that some APs 502 are EHT only and shouldnot be discoverable by legacy STAs 504. In some embodiments, a mechanismfor an out-of-band discovery of APs 502 that are part of a multi-link APdevice 510 may be used.

The bandwidth of a channel may be 20 MHz, 40 MHz, or 80 MHz, 160 MHz,320 MHz contiguous bandwidths or an 80+80 MHz (160 MHz) non-contiguousbandwidth. In some embodiments, the bandwidth of a channel may be 1 MHz,1.25 MHz, 2.03 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 4.06 MHz, 5 MHz and 10 MHz, or acombination thereof or another bandwidth that is less or equal to theavailable bandwidth may also be used. In some embodiments the bandwidthof the channels may be based on a number of active data subcarriers. Insome embodiments the bandwidth of the channels is based on 26, 52, 106,242, 484, 996, or 2×996 active data subcarriers or tones that are spacedby 20 MHz. In some embodiments the bandwidth of the channels is 256tones spaced by 20 MHz. In some embodiments the channels are multiple of26 tones or a multiple of 20 MHz. In some embodiments a 20 MHz channelmay comprise 242 active data subcarriers or tones, which may determinethe size of a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). An allocation of a bandwidthor a number of tones or sub-carriers may be termed a resource unit (RU)allocation in accordance with some embodiments.

In some embodiments, the 26-subcarrier RU and 52-subcarrier RU are usedin the 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, 160 MHz and 80+80 MHz OFDMA HE PPDUformats. In some embodiments, the 106-subcarrier RU is used in the 20MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, 160 MHz and 80+80 MHz OFDMA and MU-MIMO HE PPDUformats. In some embodiments, the 242-subcarrier RU is used in the 40MHz, 80 MHz, 160 MHz and 80+80 MHz OFDMA and MU-MIMO HE PPDU formats. Insome embodiments, the 484-subcarrier RU is used in the 80 MHz, 160 MHzand 80+80 MHz OFDMA and MU-MIMO HE PPDU formats. In some embodiments,the 996-subcarrier RU is used in the 160 MHz and 80+80 MHz OFDMA andMU-MIMO HE PPDU formats.

A frame and/or MAC protocol data unit (MPDU) may be configured fortransmitting a number of spatial streams, which may be in accordancewith MU-MIMO and may be in accordance with OFDMA. In other embodiments,the AP 502, STA 504, multi-link AP device 510, multi-link STA device520, multi-link device and/or other device may also implement differenttechnologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA) 2000, CDMA2000 1×, CDMA 2000 Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO), Interim Standard2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856(IS-856), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Global System for Mobilecommunications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSMEDGE (GERAN), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability forMicrowave Access (WiMAX)), BlueTooth®, or other technologies.

In example embodiments, the radio architecture of FIG. 1 , the front-endmodule circuitry of FIG. 2 , the radio IC circuitry of FIG. 3 , and/orthe baseband processing circuitry of FIG. 4 may be configured to performthe methods and operations/functions herein described in conjunctionwith one or more of the figures described herein.

In example embodiments, the STA 504, the AP 502, the multi-link APdevice 510, multi-link STA device 520 and/or multi-link device areconfigured to perform the methods and operations/functions describedherein in conjunction with one or more of the figures described herein.In example embodiments, an apparatus of the STA 504 and/or an apparatusof the AP 502 and/or an apparatus of a multi-link AP device 510 and/oran apparatus of a multi-link STA device 520 and/or an apparatus of amulti-link device are configured to perform the methods and functionsdescribed herein in conjunction with one or more of the figuresdescribed herein. The term Wi-Fi may refer to one or more of the IEEE802.11 communication standards.

FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an example machine 600 upon whichany one or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies) discussed hereinmay perform. In alternative embodiments, the machine 600 may operate asa standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to othermachines. In a networked deployment, the machine 600 may operate in thecapacity of a server machine, a client machine, or both in server-clientnetwork environments. In an example, the machine 600 may act as a peermachine in peer-to-peer (P2P) (or other distributed) networkenvironment. The machine 600 may be an AP 502, STA 504, multi-link APdevice 510, multi-link STA device 520, multi-link device, other device,personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personaldigital assistant (PDA), a portable communications device, a mobiletelephone, a smart phone, a web appliance, a network router, switch orbridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential orotherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further,while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shallalso be taken to include any collection of machines that individually orjointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform anyone or more of the methodologies discussed herein, such as cloudcomputing, software as a service (SaaS), other computer clusterconfigurations.

Machine (e.g., computer system) 600 may include a hardware processor 602(e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit(GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a mainmemory 604 and a static memory 606, some or all of which may communicatewith each other via an interlink (e.g., bus) 608.

Specific examples of main memory 604 include Random Access Memory (RAM),and semiconductor memory devices, which may include, in someembodiments, storage locations in semiconductors such as registers.Specific examples of static memory 606 include non-volatile memory, suchas semiconductor memory devices (e.g., Electrically ProgrammableRead-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-OnlyMemory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such asinternal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; RAM; andCD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.

The machine 600 may further include a display device 610, an inputdevice 612 (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigationdevice 614 (e.g., a mouse). In an example, the display device 610, inputdevice 612 and UI navigation device 614 may be a touch screen display.The machine 600 may additionally include a mass storage (e.g., driveunit) 616, a signal generation device 618 (e.g., a speaker), a networkinterface device 620, and one or more sensors 621, such as a globalpositioning system (GPS) sensor, compass, accelerometer, or othersensor. The machine 600 may include an output controller 628, such as aserial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired orwireless (e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.)connection to communicate or control one or more peripheral devices(e.g., a printer, card reader, etc.). In some embodiments the processor602 and/or instructions 624 may comprise processing circuitry and/ortransceiver circuitry.

The storage device 616 may include a machine readable medium 622 onwhich is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions 624(e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of thetechniques or functions described herein. The instructions 624 may alsoreside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 604,within static memory 606, or within the hardware processor 602 duringexecution thereof by the machine 600. In an example, one or anycombination of the hardware processor 602, the main memory 604, thestatic memory 606, or the storage device 616 may constitute machinereadable media.

Specific examples of machine readable media may include: non-volatilememory, such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., EPROM or EEPROM) andflash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks andremovable disks; magneto-optical disks; RAM; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROMdisks.

While the machine readable medium 622 is illustrated as a single medium,the term “machine readable medium” may include a single medium ormultiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/orassociated caches and servers) configured to store the one or moreinstructions 624.

An apparatus of the machine 600 may be one or more of a hardwareprocessor 602 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphicsprocessing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combinationthereof), a main memory 604 and a static memory 606, sensors 621,network interface device 620, antennas 660, a display device 610, aninput device 612, a UI navigation device 614, a mass storage 616,instructions 624, a signal generation device 618, and an outputcontroller 628. The apparatus may be configured to perform one or moreof the methods and/or operations disclosed herein. The apparatus may beintended as a component of the machine 600 to perform one or more of themethods and/or operations disclosed herein, and/or to perform a portionof one or more of the methods and/or operations disclosed herein. Insome embodiments, the apparatus may include a pin or other means toreceive power. In some embodiments, the apparatus may include powerconditioning hardware.

The term “machine readable medium” may include any medium that iscapable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution bythe machine 600 and that cause the machine 600 to perform any one ormore of the techniques of the present disclosure, or that is capable ofstoring, encoding or carrying data structures used by or associated withsuch instructions. Non-limiting machine readable medium examples mayinclude solid-state memories, and optical and magnetic media. Specificexamples of machine readable media may include: non-volatile memory,such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., Electrically ProgrammableRead-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-OnlyMemory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such asinternal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; RandomAccess Memory (RAM); and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. In some examples,machine readable media may include non-transitory machine readablemedia. In some examples, machine readable media may include machinereadable media that is not a transitory propagating signal. In someexamples, machine readable media may include non-transitory computerreadable storage media. In some examples, machine readable media mayinclude computer readable storage media.

The instructions 624 may further be transmitted or received over acommunications network 626 using a transmission medium via the networkinterface device 620 utilizing any one of a number of transfer protocols(e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP), transmission controlprotocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), hypertext transferprotocol (HTTP), etc.). Example communication networks may include alocal area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a packet datanetwork (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephone networks (e.g., cellularnetworks), Plain Old Telephone (POTS) networks, and wireless datanetworks (e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)802.11 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, IEEE 802.16 family ofstandards known as WiMax®), IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards, a LongTerm Evolution (LTE) family of standards, a Universal MobileTelecommunications System (UMTS) family of standards, peer-to-peer (P2P)networks, among others.

In an example, the network interface device 620 may include one or morephysical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or moreantennas to connect to the communications network 626. In an example,the network interface device 620 may include one or more antennas 660 towirelessly communicate using at least one of single-inputmultiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), ormultiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques. In some examples, thenetwork interface device 620 may wirelessly communicate using MultipleUser MIMO techniques. The term “transmission medium” shall be taken toinclude any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding orcarrying instructions for execution by the machine 600, and includesdigital or analog communications signals or other intangible medium tofacilitate communication of such software.

Examples, as described herein, may include, or may operate on, logic ora number of components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules are tangibleentities (e.g., hardware) capable of performing specified operations andmay be configured or arranged in a certain manner. In an example,circuits may be arranged (e.g., internally or with respect to externalentities such as other circuits) in a specified manner as a module. Inan example, the whole or part of one or more computer systems (e.g., astandalone, client or server computer system) or one or more hardwareprocessors may be configured by firmware or software (e.g.,instructions, an application portion, or an application) as a modulethat operates to perform specified operations. In an example, thesoftware may reside on a machine readable medium. In an example, thesoftware, when executed by the underlying hardware of the module, causesthe hardware to perform the specified operations.

Accordingly, the term “module” is understood to encompass a tangibleentity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, specificallyconfigured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily (e.g., transitorily)configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a specified manner or toperform part or all of any operation described herein. Consideringexamples in which modules are temporarily configured, each of themodules need not be instantiated at any one moment in time. For example,where the modules comprise a general-purpose hardware processorconfigured using software, the general-purpose hardware processor may beconfigured as respective different modules at different times. Softwaremay accordingly configure a hardware processor, for example, toconstitute a particular module at one instance of time and to constitutea different module at a different instance of time.

Some embodiments may be implemented fully or partially in softwareand/or firmware. This software and/or firmware may take the form ofinstructions contained in or on a non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium. Those instructions may then be read and executed by oneor more processors to enable performance of the operations describedherein. The instructions may be in any suitable form, such as but notlimited to source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executablecode, static code, dynamic code, and the like. Such a computer-readablemedium may include any tangible non-transitory medium for storinginformation in a form readable by one or more computers, such as but notlimited to read only memory (ROM); random access memory (RAM); magneticdisk storage media; optical storage media; flash memory, etc.

FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless device 700upon which any one or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies oroperations) discussed herein may perform. The wireless device 700 may bea HE device. The wireless device 700 may be an AP 502, STA 504,multi-link AP device 510, multi-link STA device 520 and/or multi-linkdevice (e.g., FIG. 5 ). An STA 504, AP 502, multi-link AP device 510,multi-link STA device 520, multi-link device and/or other device mayinclude some or all of the components shown in FIGS. 1-7 . The wirelessdevice 700 may be an example machine 600 as disclosed in conjunctionwith FIG. 6 .

The wireless device 700 may include processing circuitry 708. Theprocessing circuitry 708 may include a transceiver 702, physical layercircuitry (PHY circuitry) 704, and MAC layer circuitry (MAC circuitry)706, one or more of which may enable transmission and reception ofsignals to and from other wireless devices 700 (e.g., AP 502, STA 504,multi-link AP device 510, multi-link STA device 520, multi-link deviceand/or other devices) using one or more antennas 712. As an example, thePHY circuitry 704 may perform various encoding and decoding functionsthat may include formation of baseband signals for transmission anddecoding of received signals. As another example, the transceiver 702may perform various transmission and reception functions such asconversion of signals between a baseband range and a Radio Frequency(RF) range.

Accordingly, the PHY circuitry 704 and the transceiver 702 may beseparate components or may be part of a combined component, e.g.,processing circuitry 708. In addition, some of the describedfunctionality related to transmission and reception of signals may beperformed by a combination that may include one, any or all of the PHYcircuitry 704 the transceiver 702, MAC circuitry 706, memory 710, andother components or layers. The MAC circuitry 706 may control access tothe wireless medium. The wireless device 700 may also include memory 710arranged to perform the operations described herein, e.g., some of theoperations described herein may be performed by instructions stored inthe memory 710.

The antennas 712 (some embodiments may include only one antenna) maycomprise one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including,for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loopantennas, microstrip antennas or other types of antennas suitable fortransmission of RF signals. In some multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) embodiments, the antennas 712 may be effectively separated totake advantage of spatial diversity and the different channelcharacteristics that may result.

One or more of the memory 710, the transceiver 702, the PHY circuitry704, the MAC circuitry 706, the antennas 712, and/or the processingcircuitry 708 may be coupled with one another. Moreover, although memory710, the transceiver 702, the PHY circuitry 704, the MAC circuitry 706,the antennas 712 are illustrated as separate components, one or more ofmemory 710, the transceiver 702, the PHY circuitry 704, the MACcircuitry 706, the antennas 712 may be integrated in an electronicpackage or chip.

In some embodiments, the wireless device 700 may be a mobile device asdescribed in conjunction with FIG. 6 . In some embodiments the wirelessdevice 700 may be configured to operate in accordance with one or morewireless communication standards as described herein (e.g., as describedin conjunction with FIGS. 1-6 , IEEE 802.11). In some embodiments, thewireless device 700 may include one or more of the components asdescribed in conjunction with FIG. 6 (e.g., display device 610, inputdevice 612, etc.) Although the wireless device 700 is illustrated ashaving several separate functional elements, one or more of thefunctional elements may be combined and may be implemented bycombinations of software-configured elements, such as processingelements including digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or otherhardware elements. For example, some elements may comprise one or moremicroprocessors, DSPs, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs),application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), radio-frequencyintegrated circuits (RFICs) and combinations of various hardware andlogic circuitry for performing at least the functions described herein.In some embodiments, the functional elements may refer to one or moreprocesses operating on one or more processing elements.

In some embodiments, an apparatus of or used by the wireless device 700may include various components of the wireless device 700 as shown inFIG. 7 and/or components from FIGS. 1-6 . Accordingly, techniques andoperations described herein that refer to the wireless device 700 may beapplicable to an apparatus for a wireless device 700 (e.g., AP 502, STA504, multi-link AP device 510, multi-link STA device 520, multi-linkdevice and/or other device), in some embodiments. In some embodiments,the wireless device 700 is configured to decode and/or encode signals,packets, and/or frames as described herein, e.g., PPDUs.

The PHY circuitry 704 may be arranged to transmit signals in accordancewith one or more communication standards described herein. For example,the PHY circuitry 704 may be configured to transmit a HE PPDU. The PHYcircuitry 704 may include circuitry for modulation/demodulation,upconversion/downconversion, filtering, amplification, etc. In someembodiments, the processing circuitry 708 may include one or moreprocessors. The processing circuitry 708 may be configured to performfunctions based on instructions being stored in a RAM or ROM, or basedon special purpose circuitry. The processing circuitry 708 may include aprocessor such as a general purpose processor or special purposeprocessor. The processing circuitry 708 may implement one or morefunctions associated with antennas 712, the transceiver 702, the PHYcircuitry 704, the MAC circuitry 706, and/or the memory 710. In someembodiments, the processing circuitry 708 may be configured to performone or more of the functions/operations and/or methods described herein.

In accordance with some embodiments, the multi-link AP device 510 maycomprise multiple APs 502. The multi-link AP device 510 may beconfigured for multi-link communication on a plurality of channels. Foreach channel of the plurality of channels, at least one of the APs 502of the multi-link AP device 510 may be configured for communication onthe channel. The multi-link AP device 510 may encode a frame fortransmission by one of the APs 502 of the multi-link AP device 510. Themulti-link AP device 510 may encode the frame to include signaling toenable multi-link discovery of the APs 502 of the multi-link AP device510. The multi-link AP device 510 may encode the signaling to include: areduced neighbor report (RNR) element that identifies the APs 502 of themulti-link AP device 510, and a multiple AP element. The multiple APelement may be configurable to include: common information for the APs502 of the multi-link AP device 510, and per-AP sub-elements thatinclude per-AP information related to the APs 502 of the multi-link APdevice 510. These embodiments are described in more detail below.

FIG. 8 illustrates the operation of a method of communication inaccordance with some embodiments. It is important to note thatembodiments of the method 800 may include additional or even feweroperations or processes in comparison to what is illustrated in FIG. 8 .In addition, embodiments of the method 800 are not necessarily limitedto the chronological order that is shown in FIG. 8 . In descriptions ofthe method 800, reference may be made to one or more figures, althoughit is understood that the method 800 may be practiced with any othersuitable systems, interfaces and components.

In some embodiments, a multi-link AP device 510 may perform one or moreoperations of the method 800, but embodiments are not limited toperformance of the method 800 and/or operations of it by the multi-linkAP device 510. In some embodiments, another device and/or component mayperform one or more operations that may be the same as, similar toand/or reciprocal to one or more operations of the method 800. Inanother non-limiting example, the AP 502 may perform one or moreoperations that may be the same as, similar to, reciprocal to and/orrelated to one or more operations of the method 800, in someembodiments. In another non-limiting example, the multi-link STA device520 may perform one or more operations that may be the same as, similarto, reciprocal to and/or related to one or more operations of the method800, in some embodiments. In another non-limiting example, the STA 504may perform one or more operations that may be the same as, similar to,reciprocal to and/or related to one or more operations of the method800, in some embodiments. In another non-limiting example, anotherdevice may perform one or more operations that may be the same as,similar to, reciprocal to and/or related to one or more operations ofthe method 800, in some embodiments.

The method 800 and other methods described herein may refer to APs 502,STAs 504, multi-link AP devices 510, multi-link AP devices 510,multi-link devices and/or other devices configured to operate inaccordance with WLAN standards, 802.11 standards and/or other standards.However, embodiments are not limited to performance of those methods bythose components, and may also be performed by other devices, such as anEvolved Node-B (eNB), User Equipment (UE) and/or other. In addition, themethod 800 and other methods described herein may be practiced bywireless devices configured to operate in other suitable types ofwireless communication systems, including systems configured to operateaccording to Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards, 3GPPLong Term Evolution (LTE) standards, 5G standards, New Radio (NR)standards and/or other standards.

In some embodiments, the method 800 and/or other method described hereinmay also be applicable to an apparatus of an AP 502, an apparatus of aSTA 504, an apparatus of a multi-link AP device 510, an apparatus of amulti-link STA device 520, an apparatus of a multi-link device and/or anapparatus of another device. In some embodiments, an apparatus of amulti-link AP device 510 may perform one or more operations of themethod 800 and/or other operations. In some embodiments, an apparatus ofan AP 502 may perform one or more operations of the method 800 and/orother operations. In some embodiments, an apparatus of a multi-link STAdevice 520 may perform one or more operations of the method 800 and/orother operations. In some embodiments, an apparatus of a STA 504 mayperform one or more operations of the method 800 and/or otheroperations.

It should also be noted that embodiments are not limited by referencesherein (such as in descriptions of the method 800 and/or otherdescriptions herein) to transmission, reception and/or exchanging ofelements such as frames, messages, requests, indicators, signals orother elements. In some embodiments, such an element may be generated,encoded or otherwise processed by processing circuitry (such as by abaseband processor included in the processing circuitry) fortransmission. The transmission may be performed by a transceiver orother component, in some cases. In some embodiments, such an element maybe decoded, detected or otherwise processed by the processing circuitry(such as by the baseband processor). The element may be received by atransceiver or other component, in some cases. In some embodiments, theprocessing circuitry and the transceiver may be included in a sameapparatus. The scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect,however, as the transceiver may be separate from the apparatus thatcomprises the processing circuitry, in some embodiments.

One or more of the elements (such as messages, operations and/or other)described herein may be included in a standard and/or protocol,including but not limited to WLAN, IEEE 802.11, EHT and/or other. Thescope of embodiments is not limited to usage of those elements, however.In some embodiments, different elements, similar elements, alternateelements and/or other elements may be used. The scope of embodiments isalso not limited to usage of elements that are included in standards. Insome embodiments, the AP 502, STA 504, multi-link AP device 510,multi-link STA device 520, multi-link device and/or other device may beconfigured to operate in accordance with an EHT protocol and/or EHTtechnique(s).

At operation 805, the multi-link AP device 510 may encode an reducedneighbor report (RNR) element. At operation 810, the multi-link APdevice 510 may encode one or more Multiple AP elements. At operation815, the multi-link AP device 510 may transmit a frame. At operation820, the multi-link AP device 510 may communicate with a multi-link STAdevice 520.

In some embodiments, the multi-link AP device 510 may comprise multipleAPs 502. The multi-link AP device 510 may be configured for multi-linkcommunication on a plurality of channels. For each channel of theplurality of channels, at least one of the APs 502 of the multi-link APdevice 510 may be configured for communication on the channel. Themulti-link AP device 510 may encode a frame for transmission by one ofthe APs 502 of the multi-link AP device 510. The multi-link AP device510 may encode the frame to include signaling to enable multi-linkdiscovery of the APs 502 of the multi-link AP device 510. The multi-linkAP device 510 may encode the signaling to include one or more of: areduced neighbor report (RNR) element that identifies the APs 502 of themulti-link AP device 510; a multiple AP element; and/or otherelement(s). The multiple AP element may be configurable to include oneor more of: common information for the APs 502 of the multi-link APdevice 510; per-AP sub-elements that include per-AP information relatedto the APs 502 of the multi-link AP device 510; and/or other element(s).

In some embodiments, the per-AP information may be related to one ormore policies of the APs 502 of the multi-link AP device 510. In someembodiments, the policies may be related to one or more of: initiationof a multi-link association with the multi-link AP 510 by a multi-linkSTA device 520 that discovers the multi-link AP device 510; exchange ofmanagement frames and power save negotiation frames between themulti-link STA device 520 and the multi-link AP device 510; interfacesfor data exchange between the multi-link STA device 520 and themulti-link AP device 510; reception of traffic indication map (TIM)information or target wake time (TWTT) information by a multi-link STAdevice 520 that discovers the multi-link AP device 510; reception ofbroadcast traffic or multi-cast traffic by the multi-link STA device520; whether a transition of one or more traffic IDs (TIDs) betweenchannels is decided by the multi-link AP device 510 or is negotiatedbetween the multi-link AP device and a multi-link STA device 520 thatdiscovers the multi-link AP device 510; and/or other.

In some embodiments, the multi-link AP device 510 may encode the RNRelement to indicate whether the APs 502 are part of the multi-link APdevice 510. In some embodiments, the multi-link AP device 510 may encodeeach of the per-AP sub-elements to indicate whether inheritance ofinformation in the per-AP sub-elements is to be used in the multi-linkdiscovery. In some embodiments, the multi-link AP device 510 may encodethe per-AP sub-elements to include one or more enhanced distributedchannel access (EDCA) parameters. In some embodiments, the multi-link APdevice 510 may encode the common information to include a medium accesscontrol (MAC) service access point (SAP) address of the multi-link APdevice 510. In some embodiments, the multi-link AP device 510 may encodethe common information to include information related to shared buffercapabilities of the APs 502 of the multi-link AP device 510.

In some embodiments, the multi-link AP device 510 may encode the RNRelement to include, for each of the channels of the plurality ofchannels, one or more of: a neighbor AP information field that includesan operating class of the channel and a channel number; and/or other.

In some embodiments, the multi-link AP device 510 may encode the RNRelement to include, for each of the neighbor AP information fields, foreach of the APs 502 operating on the channel corresponding to theneighbor AP information field, one or more of: a target beacontransmission time (TBTT) information field that includes a TBTT offsetof the AP 502.

In some embodiments, the multi-link AP device 510 may encode each of theTBTT information fields to indicate one or more of: whether the AP 502corresponding to the TBTT information field is part of the multi-link APdevice 510; a corresponding AP ID; and/or other.

In some embodiments, the frame may be one or more of: a beacon frame, aprobe response frame and/or other frame.

In some embodiments, the APs 502 of the multi-link AP device 510 share acommon medium access control (MAC) service access point (SAP) address toa logical link control (LLC) entity of the multi-link AP device 510.

In some embodiments, the channels may be included in one or more of: afrequency band in a 2.4 giga-Hertz (GHz) range; a frequency band in a 5GHz range; a frequency band in a 6 GHz range; and/or other frequencyband(s). In some embodiments, at least two of the channels may be indifferent frequency bands.

In some embodiments, a method may include encoding a frame fortransmission, wherein the frame is encoded to include signaling toenable multi-link discovery of multiple APs 502 of a multi-link APdevice 510 operating in a plurality of channels. In some embodiments,the signaling may be encoded to include one or more of: A) a reducedneighbor report (RNR) element that identifies the APs 502 of themulti-link AP device 510; B) a multiple AP element; and/or C) otherelement(s). In some embodiments, the multiple AP element may beconfigurable to include one or more of: common information for the APs502 of the multi-link AP device 510; per-AP sub-elements that includeper-AP information related to the APs 502 of the multi-link AP device510; and/or other element(s).

In some embodiments, a multi-link STA device 520 may comprise multipleSTAs 504. The multi-link STA device 504 may be configured for multi-linkcommunication on a plurality of channels. For each channel of theplurality of channels, at least one of the STAs 504 of the multi-linkSTA device 520 may be configured for communication on the channel. Insome embodiments, the multi-link STA device 520 may decode a frame froman AP 502 of a multi-link AP device 510 comprising multiple APs 502. Insome embodiments, the frame may include signaling for multi-linkdiscovery of the APs 502 of the multi-link AP device 510. In someembodiments, the signaling may include one or more of: a reducedneighbor report (RNR) element that identifies the APs 502 of themulti-link AP device 510; a multiple AP element; and/or otherelement(s). In some embodiments, the multiple AP element may beconfigurable to include one or more of: common information for the APs502 of the multi-link AP device 510; per-AP sub-elements; and/or otherelement(s). In some embodiments, the per-AP sub-elements may include oneor more of: information related to policies of the APs 502 of themulti-link AP device 510; and/or other element(s).

In some embodiments, if a corresponding per-AP sub-element for one ofthe APs 502 of the multi-link AP device 510 does not include one or moreoperating parameters, the multi-link STA device 504 may determine valuesfor the one or more operating parameters based on an inheritance ofprevious values of the one or more operating parameters.

In some embodiments, the multi-link STA device 504 may determine one ormore operating parameters of one of the APs 502 of the multi-link APdevice 510 based on an inheritance indicator included in the per-APsub-element corresponding to the AP 502. In some embodiments, themulti-link STA device 504 may, if the inheritance indicator indicatesthat an inheritance is to be used, determine values of the one or moreoperating parameters based on previous values of the one or moreoperating parameters. In some embodiments, the multi-link STA device 504may, if the inheritance indicator indicates that the inheritance is notto be used, determine values of the one or more operating parametersbased on values included in the per-AP sub-element.

In some embodiments, an apparatus of a multi-link AP device 510 maycomprise memory. The memory may be configurable to store one or moreelements and the apparatus may use them for performance of one or moreoperations. The apparatus may include processing circuitry, which mayperform one or more operations (including but not limited tooperation(s) of the method 800 and/or other methods described herein).The processing circuitry may include a baseband processor. The basebandcircuitry and/or the processing circuitry may perform one or moreoperations described herein, including but not limited to one or moreoperations of the method 800. The apparatus may include a transceiver totransmit and/or receive one or more blocks, messages and/or otherelements.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example multi-band operation in accordance withsome embodiments. FIG. 10 illustrates example operations in accordancewith some embodiments. FIG. 11 illustrates example scenarios inaccordance with some embodiments. FIG. 12 illustrates an examplemulti-link device in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 13illustrates example elements in accordance with some embodiments. FIG.14 illustrates an example element in accordance with some embodiments.FIG. 15 illustrates example elements in accordance with someembodiments. FIG. 16 illustrates an example element in accordance withsome embodiments. FIG. 17 illustrates an example element in accordancewith some embodiments. FIG. 18 illustrates an example element inaccordance with some embodiments. FIG. 19 illustrates an examplemulti-link device in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 20illustrates example scenarios in accordance with some embodiments. FIG.21 illustrates example elements in accordance with some embodiments.FIG. 22 illustrates example elements in accordance with someembodiments. FIG. 23 illustrates an example scenario in accordance withsome embodiments.

It should be noted that the examples shown in FIGS. 9-23 may illustratesome or all of the concepts and techniques described herein in somecases, but embodiments are not limited by the examples. For instance,embodiments are not limited by the name, number, type, size, ordering,arrangement of elements (such as devices, operations, messages and/orother elements) shown in FIGS. 9-23 . Although some of the elementsshown in the examples of FIGS. 9-23 may be included in a WLAN standard,Wi-Fi standard, 802.11 standard, and/or other standard, embodiments arenot limited to usage of such elements that are included in standards.

Some embodiments may be related to extended Spatial Multiplexing andMulti-band Power Save for EHT. In some embodiments, an Extended SpatialMultiplexing and Multi-band Power Save protocol for EHT may be used. Insome embodiments, an enhanced power save protocol considering bothspatial multiplexing and multi-band operations may be used. Suchembodiments may be related to features of future EHT STAs 504, althoughthe scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. Since EHT STAs504 may be equipped with multiple receive chains to support more than 2spatial streams and multi-band operations, one or more of thetechniques, operations and/or methods described herein may improve thepower save for EHT STAs 504 in some cases.

In some embodiments, an indication field about number of spatial streams(SS) in each band may be used in one or more of the following frames: A)Trigger frame (User Info field); B) DL Data frames (A-Control, OMI); C)SM Power Save frame (SM Power Control field); and/or D) other. In theabove, A) and B) may enable AP initiating behavior, that is, the AP 502can inform the STAs 504 of whether the upcoming transmission willrequire STAs 504 to activate their multiple receive chains or activatemulti-band operations.

In some embodiments, the STAs 504 may only activate its multiple receivechains and multi-band operations when necessary. That is, a STA 504 mayonly need to activate its multiple receive chains and/or multi-bandoperations if the Trigger or DL frames indicate the upcoming downlinktransmission addressed to it will employ multiple spatial streams and/ormulti-band. If not, the STA 504 can still operate in dynamic SM powersave mode with only one receive chain in one band powered.

In the above, C) may enable the STA initiating behaviour. That is, theSTA 504 can inform the AP 502 about how many receive chains it willactivate in each band. This may enable the AP 502 to perform optimizedscheduling as it knows the number of spatial streams activated in eachband at the STA side. In FIG. 9 , example flows of AP initiating (900)and STA initiating (950) are illustrated.

In some embodiments, for Trigger frame, there are at least two optionsto add the indication field. In one option, in Trigger Dependent UserInfo subfield of each User Info field within an MU-RTS Trigger frame,BSRP Trigger frame or BQRP Trigger frame, the field given in the tablesbelow may be used. The tables below illustrate examples of SS Allocationand Multi-band Operation field format. In some embodiments, the SSAllocation in x GHz Band subfield indicates the number of downlinkspatial streams in the next downlink transmission in x GHz bandfollowing the Trigger frame, and is set to the number of spatial streamsminus 1.

SS Allocation and Multi-band Operation Octets 2 SS Allocation in SSAllocation SS Allocation 2.4 GHz Band in 5 GHz Band in 6 GHz BandReserved Bits 3 3 3 7

Another option may include reuse of the SS Allocation subfield withineach User Info field in the MU-RTS Trigger frame. One or more of thefollowing may be applicable: this subfield in BSRP and BQRP Triggerframe cannot be reused; there are only 6 bits in this field, so 2 bitsfor each band; and/or other. In some embodiments, for DL Data frames, anew SS Allocation and Multi-band Operation subfield in A-Controlsubfield may be used. In some embodiments, the subfield format may bethe same as (or similar to) the tables given above.

In some embodiments, for SM Power Save frame, there are at least twooptions to add the indication field. One option may include addition ofa new SS Allocation and Multi-band Operation field in SM Power Saveframe with the same format (and/or similar format) as given in thetables above.

Another option may include usage of the 6 reserved bits in SM PowerControl field within an SM Power Save to indicate the SS information ineach band. Non-limiting examples are given in the tables below. The toptable is for SM Power Save frame format, the second table is related toproposed changes to SM Power Save frame format).

SM Power Save Enabled SM Mode

Bits 1 1

SS SS SS SM Allocation Allocation Allocation Power in in in Save SM 2.4GHz 5 GHz 6 GHz Enabled Mode Band Band Band Bits 1 1 2 2 2

In some embodiments, another indication field about the activationduration of receive chains in each band may be used in one or more ofthe following frames: A) Trigger frame (MU-RTS, User Info field); B) DLData frames (A-Control, OMI): C) SM Power Save frame (SM Power Controlfield); and/or D) other. In some embodiments, with this indication in A)and B), the STA 504 will not go back to SMPS if the AP 502 indicates itneeds the STA 504 to stay in multiple receive chains for a period oftime. In some embodiments, with this indication in C), the AP 502 canperform optimized scheduling as it knows the duration information ofactivated receive chains in each band at the STA side. In FIG. 10 ,non-limiting examples flows are shown for AP initiating (1000) and STAinitiating (1050).

In some embodiments, for Trigger frame, there are at least two optionsto add the indication field. In one option, in Trigger Dependent UserInfo subfield of each User Info field within an MU-RTS Trigger frame,BSRP Trigger frame or BQRP Trigger frame, the field in the table belowmay be used. The table below illustrates a proposed Multiple Rx ChainsOperation Duration field format. The Multiple Rx Chains OperationDuration subfield indicates the effective duration of the correspondingSS Allocation and Multi-band Operation subfield shown in thecorresponding tables (for SS Allocation and Multi-band Operation) above.

Multiple Rx Chains Operation Duration Octets TBD

Another option may include reusage of the More Data subfield in MU-RTSTrigger frame. In some embodiments, if the More Data subfield is set to1, the STA 504 should keep activating its multiple Rx chains. In somecases, the More Data subfield in the MU-RTS Trigger frame is for allSTAs 504, so may not be able to deliver the duration informationindividually to each STA 504. In some cases, the method cannotexplicitly indicates the duration. That is, it only serves as animplicit indication of the effective duration, for example, theeffective duration is to the end of the current TXOP.

In some embodiments, for DL Data frames, there are at least two optionsto add the indication field. One option may include usage of a newMultiple Rx Chains Operation Duration subfield in A-Control subfield.The subfield format may be the same as (and/or similar to) the formatshown in the table above (for Multiple Rx Chains Operation Durationfield format). Another option may include reusage of the More Datasubfield in the DL data frames.

In some embodiments, for SM Power Save frame, the indication field maybe added. One option may include addition of a new Multiple Rx ChainsOperation Duration field in SM Power Save frame with the same format(and/or similar format) as shown in the table above (for Multiple RxChains Operation Duration field format).

Some embodiments may be related to multi-band policy framework. Someembodiments may be related to multi-band in EHT. Some embodiments may berelated to one or more use cases for multi-band operation, including butnot limited to: STA 504 seamless and lossless transition betweenlinks/bands, STA 504 operation on multiple links/bands with differentTIDs on different links/bands, STA 504 operation on multiple links/bandswith aggregation for the same TID). Such use cases may be applicablewhether the STA 504 is a single radio device or a multi-radio device,whether the APs 502 have the same or different MAC addresses, areco-located or non-co-located.

Some embodiments may be related to one or more of the followingconcepts, for which non-limiting examples are shown in 550 in FIG. 5 . AMulti-link AP Set 560 is a set of APs 502 which may or may not becollocated. The APs 502 that are a member of a Multi-link AP set 560could be a subset of the APs 502 that form an ESS. All APs 502 in aMulti-link AP set 560 may share a virtual, single MAC SAP. Themulti-link AP set 560 may be identified by this virtual MAC address, orspecific ID/MAC address. The APs 502 in the multi-link set 560 may beidentified by their MAC address, operating class/channel, and/or other.A client device 570 may contain a set of collocated STAs 504.

On top of this framework a new association exchange, called multi-linkassociation, between a client device 570 (non-AP multi-band/link device570) and a Multi-link AP set 560 may be performed as follows: for eachAP 502 in the Multi-link AP set 560, the client device 570 is reached bythe corresponding non-AP STA 504 of the client device 570; for an AP 502in the Multi-link AP set 560, each configuration of BSS info and thecorresponding non-AP STA info of the client device 570 is viewed as anlink; exchange capability for different links so that, on each or someof these links, the STA 504 reaches something equivalent to Associationstate 3 (wherein the STA 504 can exchange class 3 frames with thecorresponding AP 502, and gets an AID); for the DS, the APs 502 in theMulti-link AP set 560 serve the client device. In other words, all theAPs 502 may be seen as a virtual AP with a single MAC SAP for theMulti-link AP set 560.

In some embodiments, a Multi-link AP set 560 is advertised and can bediscovered with an element in beacons, probe responses sent by an AP 502of the multi-link AP set 560. As part of the multi-link association,association (as currently defined in 802.11) between some of the APs 502of the multi-link AP set 560 and the corresponding STAs 504 in thenon-AP multi-link device 570 cause these STAs 504 to become associated(it could be all APs 502/STAs 504 in the Multi-link AP set 560/Clientdevice 570 or only some of them). Alternatively, the multi-linkassociation could be done as part of a second phase of association oncethe multi-link association is performed. Alternatively, the multi-linkassociation could be done after a first association to one of the APs502 in the multi-link AP set 560.

Following association, RNSA can be performed per link, or can be donejointly for multiple links as part of a multi-link RSNA. Once that isdone, data transfer can happen on each link, each link can beactivated/deactivated, data plane can be moved from one link to anotheror can be spread across multiple links, all in a transparent way to theupper layers (single MAC SAP to the DS), and with data continuity if thebuffers are shared between the STAs 504 in the non-AP multi-link device570, and between the APs 502 in the Multi-link AP set 560.

Some embodiments may be related to STA mobility with non-collocated APs502, which may include one or more of: ability to define a set of a verylarge number of APs 502; ability to add/remove APs 502 from themulti-link association when the STA 504 is moving, handling of link IDs;and/or other.

Some embodiments may be related to expansion of the multi-link frameworkfor multiple APs 502 that are either co-located or not co-located, inorder to manage seamless mobility from client devices 570 that areMulti-link associated with a multi-link AP set 560. In some embodiments,the multi-link AP set 560 can be defined to include some or all of theAPs 502 from an ESS (that have the same SSID and that are usuallymanaged by the same wireless controller). Because of this, themulti-link AP set 560 can be made of a very large number of APs 502 invenues like stadiums for instance. It is possible that each AP 502advertises all the APs 502 that are part of the same multi-link AP set560, but that would take too much overhead in beacons and proberesponses from the different APs 502. In some embodiments, when themulti-link AP set 560 is advertised by an AP 502 in its beacons/probes,and that the AP 502 can choose a subset of the APs 502 in the multi-linkAP set 560 to be advertised.

In some embodiments, a STA 504 in a client device 570 can do amulti-link association with a multi-link AP set 560 by communicatingwith one of the AP 502 that advertised the multi-link AP set 560 (notethat the multi-link AP set 560 can be identified by a MAC address or amulti-link set ID, or other means). To do this, a STA 504 of the clientdevice 570 sends a Multi-link association request frame to the AP 502.This request contains an element describing the other STAs 504 that arepart of the client device 570, which can be a multi-link or multi-bandelement, and can also include the number of links that the client device570 can maintain at the same time (links: link between a non-AP STA 504from a client device 570 and an AP 502 from a multi-link AP set 560). Tomaintain an link simply means that the STA 504 keeps the context forexchanging with the AP 502 on this link (MAC addresses, AID, security ifneeded, negotiations, and/or other even if it is not actually using thislink.

The AP 502 responds to this request with a multi-link associationresponse frame that includes the parameters of the Multi-link AP set 560(multi-link policy, multi-link capabilities, ability to share buffers,and/or other) and the list of APs 502 (each corresponding to an linkwith the STA 504) that are part of the multi-link AP set 560 and forwhich the corresponding STA 504 of the client device 570 will beautomatically associated (in 802.11 terms). For each AP 502, this framewill carry (of the AP 502), one or more of: the BSSID, operating classand channel, operation elements, capabilities, and/or other. Each linkbetween a non-AP STA 504 of the client device 570 and an AP 502 from themulti-link AP set 560 will receive a link ID that can be used later inorder to establish the multi-link policy, and to transition from onelink to the other. Each link for which the STA 504 is associated to theAP 502 is called for instance an enabled link.

In some embodiments, an AID is also assigned to the STA 504 for aparticular link in the multi-link association response. Alternatively,if the AID is not assigned in the multi-link association response, thelink can be enabled without AID assignment. In order for the link to befully activated, there would be a need for a frame exchange between theSTA 504 and the AP 502 (in-band or out-of-band) to transition the linkfrom enabled to activated and where the AID assignment would beperformed.

In some embodiment, if 2 APs 502 are transparent (have the same MACaddress, or possibly other conditions, similarly to transparent FST)that would mean that the 2 APs 502 are sharing the association statesand that the same AID would be used for the STA 504 on all the APs 502that have the same MAC address. Once this is achieved, the STA 504 willbe able to perform multi-link RSNA in order to establish security withall the APs 502 to which a STA 504 of the client device 570 isassociated.

In some embodiments may be related to enabling more links or disablinglinks. Some embodiments may include addition of an enabled link or todisable a previously enabled link, by a 2-way frame exchange between theSTA 504 and the AP 502 or by a one-way exchange between the AP 502 andthe STA 504. In some embodiments, a Multi-link association updaterequest and response frame (or 2 different set of frames: multi-linkassociation enablement frames and multi-link association disablementframes if we want to separate the functionalities to enable or disablelinks) may be used. In some embodiments, the STA 504 can initiate theupdate by sending a request, and can include in the request theindication of the AP 502 that it wants to add or remove (correspondinglink becoming enabled or disabled). In some embodiments, the AP 502responds with the response (or sends an unsolicited response) thatinclude the new link (including the ID) and all the information on theAP 502 so that the STA 504 can operate on this link. Following thisexchange, a multi-link RSNA update can be performed.

Some embodiments may be related to handling a large number of link IDs.In some embodiments, an ESS can have a very large number of APs 502 inthe order of hundreds of APs 502. If the ESS assigns a unique linkID toall APs 502, the number of link ID will be equally large. The benefit ofusing an link ID is to have the possibility to use this as a shortindicator of link instead of, for example, using the BSSID of thecorresponding AP 502; this allows to differentiate 2 links with 2 APs502 having the same BSSID.

In some embodiments, the Link ID field is expected to be used in manyframes or elements in order to manage operation across links. Forinstance, for transitioning some TID data flow to one link to the other,or to negotiate a TWT SP in a particular link, an link ID field could beused. It is expected that for such frames/elements, an link ID bitmapwill also be used in order to indicate more than one link (example: aTID that is spread across multiple links for aggregation).

Some embodiments may be related to solutions so that this field does notbecome too large. Some embodiments may be related to management of linkIDs differently for each STA 504. The ID of the link can be differentfrom one STA 504 to the other. Each STA 504 has link IDs from 0 to thetotal number of enabled links. When suppressing one, the link IDs may beshifted/changed. With this approach, the STA 504 just has to do themapping between the link ID and the corresponding AP 502. But the APs502 have to have a possibly different mapping between the link ID andthe APs 502 depending on each STA 504. For instance, if STA1 has linkenabled with AP1 and AP2 (AP1 link is link 0 and AP2 is link 1) and ifSTA2 has link enabled with AP2 and AP3 (AP2 link is link 0 and AP3 islink 1 for STA2).

In some embodiments, the link ID may be kept linked to one AP 502, buthandle the signaling of the linkID field in order to keep the fieldsmall. For instance, a STA 504 can be multi-link associated with astadium ESS and have link enabled with ID 175, 176 and 177. The linkIDfield can be the LSB of the complete linkID. Note that by doing so, theAP 502 also has to have in memory the MSB of the linkIDs for each STA504. The linkID bitmap can also have each bit corresponding to the XLSBs of the linkID. Note that in such case, the MSBs can be included ina field that is sent along with the bitmap (basically corresponds to abitmap with a starting link ID, with the first bit of the bitmapcorresponding to the starting linkID, and bit 2 corresponding to thestarting linkID+1, and so on).

Some embodiments may be related to behavior for a multi-link AP set 560.In the non-limiting example 1100 in FIG. 11 , the multi-link AP set 1110comprises 4 APs 504 that are not co-located (same band or differentbands). The circles illustrate the coverage of the AP 504 located in itscenter. The STA 1105 is in the range of AP1 1112, receives a beacon or aprobe response indicating the information on AP1 1112, and that AP1 1112is part of a multi-link AP set 1110 for the corresponding SSID, andincludes in the multi-link AP set 1110 container a description of theAP2 1114. The STA 1105 performs a multi-link association with themulti-link AP set of AP1 by sending a multi-link association requestframe to AP1 1112. AP1 1112 responds with a multi-link associationresponse that enables association to the STA 1105 of the client deviceto both AP1 1112 and AP2 1114, and provides all the information neededfor a typical operation between an AP 502 and a STA 504 for each of theAPs 502. It also assign an link ID to each AP 502 (link ID 1 and 2 inthis case).

The STA 504 can also perform multi-link RSNA in order to get securitycredentials for all the links that are active (meaning that a STA 504 isassociated). A non-limiting example 1150 in FIG. 11 illustrates this.The STA 1105 is mobile and gets to a point where it transitionsseamlessly to AP2 1114, without having to do anything as the link isalready enabled. As discussed before, the STA 1105 may just need totransition the link from enabled to activated/Wireless-Medium enabled,by having a frame exchange (either done on the link or out-of-band withanother link), and an AID can be assigned to the STA 1105 with thisframe exchange, if it was not already assigned. It now receivesbeacons/probes from AP2 1114 that advertise the same Multi-link AP set,but which include in its description both AP1 1112 and AP3 1116. The STA1105 therefore discovers a new link that was not advertised by AP1 1112,because it was too far away. The STA 1105 or the AP can now initiate amulti-link association update (where an link can be removed oradded—alternatively, there could be a procedure specifically to add anlink and another one to suppress one link). This can be a request fromthe STA 1105 with a multi-link association update request frame thatcontains the list of APs that the STA 1105 want to add in hisassociation (AP3 1116 in our example here), to which the AP2 1114responds with a multi-link association update response that indicate thenew list of APs to which the STA 1105 is associated and the new linkIDs. Not that we propose also that the AP2 1114 can send an unsolicitedmulti-link association update response to unilaterally decide to updatethe multi-link association for the STA 1105. This can be followed by amulti-link RSNA update to also get the credentials for AP3 1116.

In FIG. 12, 1200 illustrates another deployment with 2 AP devices eachoperating 2 APs in 2 different bands.

Some embodiments may be related to Spatial Stream and Band Activationfor Multi-band Operations for EHT. In some embodiments, in multi-bandoperation for EHT, depending on the capabilities of a STA 504,multi-band operations can be classified as two modes: A) concurrentmulti-band operation, wherein a STA 504 is able to activate differentbands and perform transmission and reception at more than one bandsimultaneously, or B) non-concurrent multi-band operation, wherein a STA504 is able to operate in different bands, but it can only operate inone band at a time (that is, it cannot operate in more than one bandsimultaneously). For non-concurrent multi-band operation, a key problemis to how to enable the band switching operation for a STA 504. That is,how to enable the STA 504 to activate a different band and switch fromcurrent band to the different band. For concurrent multi-band operation,a key problem is to how to enable the band activation for a STA 504.That is, how to enable the STA 504 to activate a second band apart fromits current band.

Some embodiments may be related to extension of a Spatial MultiplexingPower Save protocol to also include band activation signaling for betterpower save in terms of both spatial streams and bands. Two mechanismsare described herein, which may enable general spatial stream (SS) andmulti-band transitions targeting normal multi-band operation. Inaddition, a scheme for TXOP-based SS and band activation or transitionis also described herein.

Some embodiments may use multi-band operation signaling either in PHYpreamble or in a newly defined Short NDP frame, so that inter-PPDU andintra-PPDU SS band switching/activation can be achieved to facilitatemulti-band operation for either nonsynchronous (MAC aggregation) orsynchronous (PHY aggregation) mode. In some embodiments, a scheme forTXOP-based SS and band activation or transition may be used.

Some embodiments may be related to inter-PPDU SS and Band Transition. Insome embodiments, inter-PPDU band activation may be required when the AP504 intends to perform frame exchanges in both bands concurrently. Thisactivation within a single TXOP/SP is beneficial to achieve highthroughput and also for STAs 504 with low latency applications andcapable of dual band operation. In some embodiments, inter-PPDUtransition may be required when the AP 502 intends to switch a STA 504to another band completely and perform the frame exchange in that band.This transition is suitable for STAs 504 capable of single bandoperation.

In some embodiments, a Short EHT NDP frame may be used. A non-limitingexample frame 1300 is illustrated in FIG. 14 . In FIG. 14 , an exampleShort EHT NDP format 1400 is shown. One or more of the following may beincluded in the frame 1300: L-STF, L-LTF, and/or L-SIG, used to protectagainst legacy transmissions; RL-SIG and/or EHT-SIG-A, which includesspatial stream and multi-band signaling, as well as the informationabout EHT-SIG-B (the EHT SIG-A may also identify this NDP as the oneused for band switching as opposed to EHT NDPs used for channelmeasurement); a partial BSSID of the AP 502 in the EHT-SIG-A or anyother field within the NDP frame, wherein the partial BSSID field is thecompressed BSSID of the AP transmitting the NDP frame (for instance, thecompression may be achieved either by a hashing function or by the 8-16LSBs of the BSSID value, although the scope of embodiments is notlimited in this respect); an extended PE/padding duration that accountsfor the transition/activation time of the signaled second band (thepadded duration keeps the current channel busy so that the currentchannel is still reserved); EHT-SIG-B, which includes information aboutset of STAs 504 making the spatial stream and band transition, and alsoincludes the spatial stream and band transition indication in MUscenarios; and/or other. In some embodiments, the EHT-SIG-B field alsosignals the duration of activation/transition in the second band, afterwhich the STAs 504 are permitted to switch back to the current channelof operation. In some embodiments, the frame 1400 does not includeEHT-STF and EHT-LTF since channel acquisition or estimation will beconducted on a channel after band transition.

Some embodiments may include signaling of band activation/transition isdefined in a short MAC frame as well. In this frame, the TA fieldcomprises the BSSID of the AP 502 transmitting the frame and the RAcould be broadcast or multicast based on the targeted set of STAs 504.In some embodiments, it is proposed to include a field in the frame thatprovides the band(s) for activation/transition and the duration ofactivation/transition in the second band, after which the STAs 504 arepermitted to switch back to the current channel of operation.

FIG. 13 illustrates a timing diagram for an example of inter-PPD SS andband transition. FIG. 13 shows a general example of timing diagram andprocedure flow for synchronized multi-band operation. In FIG. 13 , STA 1only supports non-concurrent multi-band operation, whereas STA 2supports concurrent multi-band operation.

In some embodiments, a general process is as follows. Initially, the AP502 and both STAs 504 are operating in 2.4/5 GHz band. The AP 502 sendsa Short EHT NDP frame to initiate the SS and/or multi-band transition.STA 1 needs to switch to 6 GHz band for following data reception fromthe AP 502, while STA 2 needs to activate its 6 GHz band for followingconcurrent data reception in both 2.4/5 GHz band and 6 GHz band. ShortEHT NDP is a PPDU with null PSDU. The multi-band activation/switchingsignaling in included in the Short EHT NDP frame. Once received anddecoded, STA 2 switches to 6 GHz band. STA 1 keeps operating in 2.4/5GHz band, and activates its 6 GHz band. Since activating 6 GHz bandtakes some time for both STA 1 and STA 2, padding in Short EHT NDP frameis needed to give enough time to STAs for band activation. Moreover, thepadding also reserves the current 2.4/5 GHz channel during theactivation time of the STA 504 in the 6 GHz band, so that other STAs 504will not grab the 2.4/5 GHz band. Transmission to STAs 1 and 2 in 6 GHzband starts when both STAs 504 are active in that band. In case of PHYaggregation transmissions in both bands start concurrently. Note that ifthere is no STA 504 in 2.4/5 GHz band for the AP 502 to transmit to onceSTAs 1 and 2 switches to 6 GHz (e.g., when STA 2 is only capable ofnon-concurrent MB operations) the AP 502 may abandon the TXOP in 2.4/5GHz band following the transmission of the short EHT NDP. Also, the NDPin this case may not have a packet extension field.

Some embodiments may be related to an intra-PPDU SS and Band Transition.FIG. 15 shows an example of timing diagram and procedure flow forunsynchronized multi-band operation. In FIG. 15 , both STA 1 and STA 2support concurrent multi-band operation. In some embodiments, a generalprocess is as follows. Initially, the AP 502 and both STAs 504 areoperating in 2.4/5 GHz band. The AP 502 starts a TXOP in the 2.4/5 GHzband and transmits an EHT MU PPDU in that band with signaling in EHT PHYpreamble for 6 GHz band activation. Meanwhile the AP 502 also startscontending for channel access in 6 GHz independently. If the AP 502 isable to win the channel access in 6 GHz then it signals the STAs 1 and 2to also start operating on the 6 GHz band by including some informationin the preamble. FIG. 16 shows an example 1600 in which this informationis contained in the EHT SIG-A and SIG-B. In general the AP 502 may alsoinclude this information in a mid-amble in the middle of an ongoingtransmission in the 2.4/5 GHz band (i.e., preemption of an ongoingtransmission). While the AP 502 is waiting for STAs 504 to become activein 6 GHz band the AP 502 may use one or more of the following options toretain access to the medium in 6 GHz band: the AP 502 may keeptransmitting to other users that are already active in the 6 GHz band;the AP 502 may transmit some legacy Control frame (e.g., CTS-to-self) inthe 6 GHz band covering the duration of the TXOP in 6 GHz band; the AP502 may start transmitting a MU PPDU to STAs 1 and 2 such that thefields following the EHT SIG-A in that PPDU are transmitted once theSTAs 504 have activated their 6 GHz band; and/or other. In someembodiments, for unsynchronized multi-band operation, AP transmits anEHT MU PPDU in 6 GHz band once the STAs are active in 6 GHz band.

The proposed EHT MU PPDU format in FIG. 15 is as shown in FIG. 16 . TheSS and Band Transition indication is included in EHT-SIG-A. Additionalpadding or Packet Extension need to be added after EHT-SIG-B or includedat the end of EHT-SIG-B prior to EHT-STF to give enough time for STAs504 for SS and Band transition. Alternately, the EHT SIG-B may containdummy or duplicate data to cover the PHY Padding/PE duration in FIG. 16.

Some embodiments may be related to A-MPDU aggregation with SM Power Saveframe or OMI for TXOP-based SS and band activation/transition. Someembodiments may include addition of SS and band activation/transitionsignaling in SM Power Save frame or EHT A-Control field. In someembodiments, it is further proposed to aggregate the SM Power Save frameor EHT A-Control field with A-MPDU such that the signaling can becarried in a PPDU. If the EHT A-Control field is aggregated in anA-MPDU. The modified/EHT A-Control field sub-variant inside a QoSNull/Data frame may include information about one or more of: OMparameters for a band (same or different); time for which this OMparameter set is valid (maybe long term or for specified duration);and/or other.

In some embodiments, the SM Power Save frame is aggregated in an A-MPDU.The SM Power Save frame inside a QoS Null/Data frame may includeinformation about one or more of: OM parameters for a band (same ordifferent); time for which this OM parameter set is valid (maybe longterm or for specified duration); and/or other. In some embodiments, ifaggregated, SM Power Save frame to be the first in the set of MPDUswithin an A-MPDU.

FIGS. 17 and 18 illustrate examples where the EHT A-Control field and SMPower Save frame are aggregated in an EHT TB PPDU, respectively. In FIG.17 , the EHT A-Control field is aggregated in EHT TB PPDU. In FIG. 18 ,SM Power Save frame is aggregated in EHT TB PPDU. The EHT A-Controlfield or SM Power Save frame will include the signaling informationabout SS and band activation.

Some embodiments may be related to multi-band policy framework. Someembodiments may be related to a new association exchange calledmulti-link association or multi-interface association between a non-APdevice 570 (non-AP multi-band/interface device) and a Multi-link Set560, which may include one or more of the following: for each BSS in theset, the non-AP device 570 is reached by a non-AP STA 504; for a BSS inthe set, each configuration of BSS info and the corresponding non-AP STA504 info of the non-AP device 570 is viewed as an interface; exchangingof capability for different interfaces is performed; for DS, the APs 502in the set serve the non-AP device 570 (single MAC SAP in the Multi-linkSet 560); and/or other.

In some embodiments, a multi-link Set 560 is advertised and can bediscovered with an element in beacons, probe responses sent by an AP 502of the multi-link set 560. As part of the multi-link association,association (as currently defined in 802.11) between some of the APs 502of the multi-link set 560 and the corresponding STAs 504 in the non-APmulti-link device 570 become associated (it could be all APs 502/STAs504 in the Multi-link Set 560/Non-AP device 570 or only some of them).Alternatively, that could be done as part of a second phase ofassociation once the multi-link association is performed. With this802.11 association, each corresponding STA 504/APs 502 exchange theircapabilities, each STA 504 joins the corresponding BSS and gets assignedan AID. Following this, RNSA can be performed per link/interface, or canbe done jointly for multiple links as part of amulti-interface/multi-link RSNA. Once that is done, data transfer canhappen on each link, each link can be activated/deactivated, data planecan be moved from one interface to another or can be spread acrossmultiple interfaces, all in a transparent way to the upper layers(single MAC SAP to the DS), and with data continuity if the buffers areshared between the STAs 504 in the non-AP multi-link device 570, andbetween the APs 502 in the Multi-link set 560. Once this is done theproblem that we want to resolve is the following: what is the policy forthe operation across multi-links, meaning: who decides when/how totransition the STA 504 from one band to the other (a TID from oneinterface to the other), is it the AP 502 or the STA 504; whichinterface can be used for management/control plane (all interfaces oronly some); and/or other.

Some embodiments may be related to an element, called multi-link set 560policy for instance, and that is included in the discovery element orframe (beacon/probe responses, FILS DF, possibly neighbor reports,and/or other). This multi-link-set 560 policy defines the rules that themulti-link set 560 decides to apply regarding data andmanagement/control plane, and that the STA 504 need to comply with.Pre-association management plane rules: can a STA 504 initiates amulti-link association on any interface (through any AP 502), or can itdo it only with some APs 502/bands. Post-association management planerules may be related to one or more of the following: A) Can STA 504/AP502 exchange management frames and power save negotiation frame on anyinterface (through any AP 502), or can it do it only with some APs502/bands. B) Are there restrictions on pre-association frame exchanges(only during certain periods, power control, and/or other). C) If notall the interfaces can be used, is it the AP 502 that is the only onethat can decide which interface it is, or can the STA 504 make thischange as it wishes, or can this interface be the same as the one usedby the data plane all the time and follows the transitions.

In some embodiments, beacon information may be related to the following.Can STA 504 always find its relevant information in the beacontransmitted on the interface where the data plane is (for instance theTIM element, or a broadcast TWT), or is that always found only in oneinterface.

In some embodiments, broadcast delivery rules may be related to thefollowing. Can the STA 504 receive broadcast/multicast traffic on anybands (the same information), or can it receive it only on someinterface (anchor interface). And is the multicast/broadcast trafficalways sent with broadcast frames, or can it be converted into unicastframes an transmitted on any interfaces.

In some embodiments, data plane rules may be related to the following.Can the STA 504 moves its TID(s) from one interface to the other as itwishes, or is the transition always an AP 502 decision that the STA 504as to follow.

In the following, for simplicity, we consider a multi-link set 560 of 2APs 502 operating at 5 and 6 GHz, and a non-AP multi-link device 570capable of operating at 5 and 6 GHz. But this invention can be appliedto any number of links.

Some embodiments may be related to data plane TID transitions policy.This describes the rules for transitioning a TID or all TIDs from oneinterface/band to the other or to both. We see 2 possible modes: A) astrong use case for this mode is if the AP 502 wants to do loadbalancing and fully control it, B) TLD transition is an AP-onlydecision, based on a signaling from the AP 502 to the STA 504 that iseither unicasted to the STA 504 or is broadcasted as an information forall STAs 504 or a subset of STAs 504. In B) above, one or more of thefollowing may be applicable: under this mode, the AP 502 shall respectthe constraints that the STA 504 has provided the AP 502 with, meaning,for instance, whether it can operate on multiple bands simultaneously ornot. Example, if the STA 504 is single radio, the AP 502 can nottransition a TID on 2 bands simultaneously (at the same time), signalingfor TID transition can be in an A-Ctrl field, in a frame, in aPHY-generic specific container, if unicasted to a STA 504. It can be ina form of bitmap if it is multicast or broadcasted to multiple STAs 504;there could be 2 sub-modes: one where the request for transition isunsolicited and transmitted by the AP 502 to the STA(s) 504, one otherwhere the STA 504 would solicit a transition, and the AP 502 can confirmit by sending the transition response.

In some embodiments, TID transition is open to all. Under this mode, theAP 502 can decide to move the TID of a STA 504 from one band to theother (or both), or the STA 504 can decide to move the TID from one bandto the other (or both).

In some embodiments, TID transition is only STA-driven. A main use caseis still load balancing (reduce latency, increase throughput, and/orother, or if the management plane is only on one band, but this couldpossibly be also for other justifications such as power save. Under thismode, the AP 502 can only suggest a transition, and the STA 504 is theonly one deciding how/when to transition. The AP 502 may announce loadconditions of the different bands (channel load) or available timeperiods in scheduled modes (e.g., the SPs that have not been reserved bythe AP 502 for some other QoS STA 504). We can define a signaling fromthe STA 504 to the AP 502 (A-ctlr, OMI modification, frame, PHYsignaling, and/or other) or we can consider that we just need anexchange in the new interface to signal the transition or the additionof a new interface to aggregation.

In some embodiments, TID transition is governed by a dynamic switchingmechanism similar to the MU-EDCA parameter concept defined in EHT. Insome embodiments, the AP 502 defines an interface that is used bydefault by the STA 504. In some embodiments, the AP 502 defines thetrigger that will force a STA 504 to transition to another interface(explicit indication with signaling in a PHY or a MAC container, orimplicit indication based on negotiation or standard rules (type offrame received, and/or other)), and the conditions for when to fall backto the default band/interface. Such mode could make sense when one bandis used only for scheduled access for instance, (fully triggered—no STAaccess), while the other one is used for EDCA. Similar to MU-EDCA, theSTA 504 falls back naturally to the default band after signaling fromthe AP 502 that the AP 502 will stop scheduling in this band, or after atimeout.

Some embodiments may be related to pre-association management planepolicy. This allows the multi-link set 560 to define which interface canbe used for pre-association frame exchanges (probe request,authentication/association, multi-link association, and/or other). Wecan signal this as a simple bitmap indicating the interfaces that canonly be used (each interface having a specific interface ID). Thisallows the multi-link set 560 to define if there are furtherrestrictions (only during a certain service period, following a resourcerequest, and/or other). We can have fields that define theserestrictions, for instance: no probe requests (only passive scanning);pre-association exchange only during specific service periods that areadvertised with this element; EDCA parameters for management framesand/or other; and/or other.

Some embodiments may be related to post-association management planepolicy. This allows the multi-link set 560 to define which interface canbe used for post-association frame exchange, as well as for negotiationsbetween the multi-link set 560 and the non-AP device 570 or between theAPs 502 and STAs 504 (example: power save negotiation, and/or other). Wecan signal this as a simple bitmap or a list of interface IDs indicatingthe interfaces that can only be used (each interface having a specificinterface ID), or a list of interface IDs. If there are differentinterfaces for different exchanges, we can have a bitmap or a list ofinterface IDs for each specific exchange. For instance, the multi-linkdevice can indicate if the beacons are sent on all APs 502 or only someof them, if the TIM element in beacons are sent on all APs 502 or onlysome of them, and/or other. And it can indicate if TWT negotiation canbe done in any bands or only some of them.

Some embodiments may be related to multi-link device discovery. In EHT,we expand the framework of operation between two STAs 504 (FIG. 19 ,where one link is established) to operation between two devices, whereeach device has multiple STAs 504. In some descriptions herein, device 1(1910 in FIG. 19 ) is called a multi-link device, but the scope ofembodiments is not limited in this respect. In some cases, the devicemay be called a “multi-link logical entity” or other. In someembodiments, each Multi-link device will have a MAC data serviceinterface and primitive to LLC as defined in 5.2 MAC data servicespecification. As a result, from the LLC point of view, it can requestthe lower layer to transmit data or get data from the lower layerwithout having the knowledge of one or multiple links. For routingreason, each multi-link device needs an address to communicate to theDSM (distribution system medium) in order for the packet to be routingin DSM. Note that the address for DSM maybe same or different from theMAC address used in the WM. An example is shown in FIG. 19 .

In some embodiments, there will be a multi-link setup procedure betweenmulti-link device 1 (such as 2030 in FIG. 20 ) and multi-link device 2(such as 2035 in FIG. 20 ). For infrastructure operation, multi-linkdevice 1 can have all STAs to be AP, and multi-link device 2 can haveall STAs to be non-AP.

In some embodiments, WFA OCE mandates that if an AP 502 has co-locatedAPs operating in the same device on different channels/bands, it shallinclude in beacons and probe responses a Reduced Neighbor Report element(RNR) that describes all these co-located APs 502. 802.11ax spec alsomandate that if an AP has a co-located AP operation at 6 GHz on the samedevice, it shall include in beacons and probe responses a ReducedNeighbor Report element (RNR) that describes all these co-located APs.

In some embodiments, the RNR is defined as follows. It includes multipleNeighbor AP information fields, one for each operating channel. Examplefields are shown in FIG. 21 . Each Neighbor AP Information field 2100can then contain multiple TBTT Information Fields 2110, one for eachreported AP operating on that channel.

In an example scenario, all APs 502 are discoverable by legacy STAs 504(3-band APs: 2.4/5/6). Beacons and probe responses sent by each AP 502of the multi-link AP device 510 already include an RNR describing allthe other APs 502 of the multi-band device 510. The 2.4 GHz AP beaconincludes an RNR describing the other APs 502 (the 5 GHz AP (if the AP isan OCE AP) and the 6 GHz APs 502 (mandated by 11ax)). The RNR includesalready the operating class/channel, TBTT offset, BSSID, short SSID, andBSS parameters. In some embodiments, more discovery information for amulti-AP device 510 (policy, capabilities, and/or other) may be used. Insome embodiments, it may not be desirable to duplicate informationalready present in RNR, but another element (that could be calledMultiple AP element or other) may be used, and may provide complementaryinformation. In some embodiments, this element could have a structuresimilar to the multiple BSSID element, with a main AP description andinheritance for other APs 502.

Some embodiments may enable the discovery of the APs 502 of a multi-linkAP device 510 by any APs 502 of the multi-link AP device 510 byproviding the information using: both the RNR and a new element(Multi-link AP device element); the new element only, if the RNR is notincluded in the same frame. It is proposed to include a new field in theTBTT Information field of the RNR, that indicates if the AP 502 that isreported is part of the same Multi-AP device 510 as the reporting AP502, and what is his AP-ID in the device. The AP-ID will be able to beused in other fields.

It is proposed to define a new Multi-link AP device element, thatincludes: one Multi-link AP device common information sub-element, thatcarries information that are common to the device; and multiple “AP”sub-elements, one for each AP from the Multi-AP element that isreported. Any or many different elements can be included in the APsub-element (EDCA parameters, policy, EHT/HE operation elements, and/orother). In some embodiments, the size of the element may be reduced bydefining inheritance rules between the reporting AP 502 and the APs 502reported in the multi-link AP device element.

Some embodiments may be related to the Multi-Link AP device element(name can change based on agreed terminology). In the following, it isassumed that multi-link device 1 has APs 502 (multi-link AP device 510)and multi-link device 2 has non-AP STAs 504 (multi-link non-AP device520). In FIG. 22 , an example of a multi-link AP device element 2210 isshown, and an example of an AP description sub-element 2220 is shown. Insome embodiments, a control field may indicate if at least one RNRInformation Present field indicating that RNR information is present ornot. When present, RNR Information may include one or more of: operatingclass, operating channel, BSSID, TBTT offset, BSS Parameters, Multi-APdevice info, co-located, and/or other. If the AP 502 is described in theRNR that is present in the same frame, only the Multi-AP deviceinformation field of the RNR information is included in the APdescription sub-element. If the AP is not described in the RNR that ispresent in the same frame, the RNR information is included in the APdescription sub-element. Any elements can be included in Optionalsub-elements (EDCA parameters, EHT operation element, EHT capabilities,and/or other).

Some embodiments relate to rules for inheritance. In one option(referred to for clarity as “Option 1”), if the element is not includedin the optional sub-element part, that means that the element is thesame as the one sent in the beacon of the reporting AP 502. In anotheroption (referred to for clarity as “Option 2”), an “inheritance active”bit is set to 1 if same as option 1, and set to 0 if there is noinheritance. The inheritance active bit may be either in the Controlfield of the AP description sub-element or in the Common info of the APMSD element.

In some embodiments, common info may include one or more of: MAC SAPaddress (or AA: authentication server address); multi-AP capabilities(shared buffers and/or other); one or more policies; security relatedinfo (could be also in AP description sub-element); and/or other.

Some embodiments may be related to modification of the RNR to includethe AP-ID information. It is proposed to define a new field in the TBTTInformation field of the RNR, that indicates if the AP that is reportedis part of the same Multi-AP device as the reporting AP, and what is hisAPID in the device. A non-limiting example of a TBTT information field2230 is shown in FIG. 22 . In addition, a non-limiting example of themulti-link AP device information field 2235 is also shown in FIG. 22 .In the multi-link AP device information field 2235, the field “Part ofMulti-AP device” 2240 is set to 1 if the reported AP is part of the sameMulti-link device as the reporting AP 502. The field “APID” 2242 is setto the value of the APID corresponding to the one of the reported AP inthe Multi-link device.

In some embodiments, one or more other fields could be also added. Insome embodiments, the Multi-link AP device ID field, if it is desiredthat there could be multiple Multi-link AP device/logical entities, orif it is desired that the reported AP is described to be part of aMulti-link AP device that does not include the Reporting AP. In someembodiments, signaling may be included, wherein the signaling may berelated to the address of the MAC SAP if we have the possibility of 3levels for the multi-link operation (STA, Multi-link AP device that is agroup of STAs/APs that have a single MAC SAP to the upper layers, Set ofMulti-link AP device: group of Multi-link AP devices). In that case, thesignaling could be the address of the MAC SAP, for instance.

Some embodiments may be related to considerations for Multi-BSSID. At 6GHz, there may be a single beacon for all co-located BSSIDs, transmittedby the Transmitted BSSID with a multiple BSSID element. The Multi-APelement may be included in each non-transmit BSSID profile. In someembodiments, a double inheritance may be used: inheritance of the APsubelement from the non-transmit BSSID profile, and inheritance of thenon-transmit BSSID profile from the transmitted BSSID profile.

Some embodiments are related to multi-link policy signaling for EHT.Some embodiments may include specification of the multi-link policyeither in a separate Multi-link Policy element, or as a set of fieldsthat can be included in an existing element. The format of theMulti-link Policy signaling may include two parts: the Common Policypart that defines the policy applied across all active links maintainedby a Multi-link AP device, and several Link Specific Policy parts, eachof which defines the policy that only applies to one specific link. Insome cases, the proposed Multi-link Policy signaling establishes aunified framework that is flexible enough to apply multi-link operationsto address different use cases.

Some embodiments may include specification and/or advertisement of theMulti-link policy enforced by a Multi-link AP device, which STAs have tocomply with. The Multi-link Policy is included in frames like Beaconframe and Probe Response frame. The Multi-link AP device can dynamicallyadjust certain parameters of Multi-band Policy according to specific usecases it currently focuses, by simply updating the Multi-link Policy andadvertising it to STAs. This Multi-link Policy could be a separateelement, or part of another element.

In some embodiments, if the Multi-link Policy is included in a separateelement, then we call it the Multi-link Policy element, and the proposedformat is shown in the table below.

Element Link Link Link Element ID Common Specific Specific Specific IDLength Extension Policy Policy Policy . . . Policy Octets 1 1 1 TBD TBDTBD . . . TBD

In some embodiments, some aspects of the Multi-link policy apply acrossdifferent links (like band transition and aggregation), while some canbe link-dependent (like TIDs allowed, channel access). It is proposed todefine the Multi-link Policy element as follows: the Common Policysub-element defines the policy applied across all active links; theCommon Policy sub-element can be further divided into different fields,each of which corresponding to the policy information for a specificaspect of the Multi-link operations (Pre-association, Post-associationmanagement or data plane etc.); the Common Policy sub-element shallalways be present in the Multi-link Policy element; each Link SpecificPolicy sub-element defines the policy that only applies to one specificlink; and/or other.

In some embodiments, the Multi-link Policy element may be transmitted inall active bands operated by the Multi-link AP device. FIG. 23illustrates the relationship of the signaling of the Multi-link Policyelement and the actual policy enforced upon different links maintainedby a Multi-link AP device. If the Multi-link Policy is based on a set offields in an existing element or frame, then the signaling may be almostthe same, i.e., we still have the Common Policy part and several LinkSpecific Policy parts.

The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. Section 1.72(b)requiring an abstract that will allow the reader to ascertain the natureand gist of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with theunderstanding that it will not be used to limit or interpret the scopeor meaning of the claims. The following claims are hereby incorporatedinto the detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as aseparate embodiment.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for an access point (AP) multi-linkdevice (MLD) (AP MLD), the AP MLD comprising a plurality of affiliatedaccess points (APs), the apparatus comprising: processing circuitry; andmemory, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to: decode amulti-link (ML) probe request frame from a non-AP STA requestinginformation from the AP MLD to discover an AP including the affiliatedAPs; in response to the ML probe request frame, encode a ML proberesponse frame for transmission by one of the affiliated APs operatingas a reporting AP, wherein the ML probe response frame is encoded toinclude a ML element and a reduced neighbor report (RNR) element, the MLelement including a MAC address of the AP MLD and information of theaffiliated APs, the RNR element including a neighbor AP informationfield for each reported AP, the neighbor AP information fieldconfigurable to include a target beacon transmission time (TBTT)information field for each reported AP, wherein each of the TBTTinformation fields are encoded to include an AP TBTT offset subfield anda MLD parameters subfield, wherein the MLD parameters subfield includesan MLD ID subfield and a link ID subfield, the MLD ID subfieldindicating an identifier of the AP MLD to which a reported AP isaffiliated, and the link ID subfield indicating a link identifier of thereported AP to which the reported AP is affiliated, wherein the MLD IDsubfield is configurable to indicate whether any of the reported APs arenot affiliated with the AP MLD, and wherein the processing circuitry isfurther configured to encode the ML element to include a non-inheritanceelement per-AP profile for a reported AP to indicate elements that arenot inherited by the reported AP from the reporting AP.
 2. The apparatusof claim 1, wherein values to use for a reported AP are the values of acorresponding element of the reporting AP unless the correspondingelement is listed in the non-inheritance element for the reported AP. 3.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the processing circuitry is configuredto refrain from including the non-inheritance element in the per-APprofile for the reported AP in the ML element when all elements in theper-AP profile of the reported AP are inherited by the reported AP fromthe reporting AP.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the AP MLD is alogical entity comprising the plurality of the affiliated AP and havinga common medium access control (MAC) service access point (SAP) to alogical link control (LLC) entity of the AP MLD.
 5. The apparatus ofclaim 4, wherein the common MAC SAP is associated with the MAC addressthat is included in the ML element to singly identify the AP MLD.
 6. Theapparatus of claim 5 wherein the AP TBTT offset subfield includes a TBTToffset of the reported AP.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein theprocessing circuitry is further configured to encode the neighbor APinformation field of the RNR element to include a channel number andoperating class for each reported AP.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to include theRNR element in a beacon frame.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein theprocessing circuitry is further configured to include the ML element ina beacon frame.
 10. An apparatus for an access point (AP) multi-linkdevice (MLD) (AP MLD), the AP MLD comprising a plurality of affiliatedaccess points (APs), the apparatus comprising: processing circuitry; andmemory, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to: decode amulti-link (ML) probe request frame from a non-AP STA requestinginformation from the AP MLD to discover an AP including the affiliatedAPs; in response to the ML probe request frame, encode a ML proberesponse frame for transmission by one of the affiliated APs operatingas a reporting AP, wherein the ML probe response frame is encoded toinclude a ML element and a reduced neighbor report (RNR) element, the MLelement including a MAC address of the AP MLD and information of theaffiliated APs, the RNR element including a neighbor AP informationfield for each reported AP, the neighbor AP information fieldconfigurable to include a target beacon transmission time (TBTT)information field for each reported AP, wherein each of the TBTTinformation fields are encoded to include an AP TBTT offset subfield anda MLD parameters subfield, wherein the MLD parameters subfield includesan MLD ID subfield and a link ID subfield, the MLD ID subfieldindicating an identifier of the AP MLD to which a reported AP isaffiliated, and the link ID subfield indicating a link identifier of thereported AP to which the reported AP is affiliated, and wherein the MLDID subfield is configurable to indicate whether any of the reported APsare not affiliated with the AP MLD, wherein the memory is configured tostore the MAC address of the MLD, and wherein the processing circuitryincludes a baseband processor.
 11. A non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium that stores instructions for execution by processingcircuitry of an access point (AP) multi-link device (MLD) (AP MLD), theAP MLD comprising a plurality of affiliated access points (APs), whereinthe processing circuitry is configured to: decode a multi-link (ML)probe request frame from a non-AP STA requesting information from the APMLD to discover an AP including the affiliated APs; in response to theML probe request frame, encode a ML probe response frame fortransmission by one of the affiliated APs operating as a reporting AP,wherein the ML probe response frame is encoded to include a ML elementand a reduced neighbor report (RNR) element, the ML element including aMAC address of the AP MLD and information of the affiliated Aps, the RNRelement including a neighbor AP information field for each reported AP,the neighbor AP information field configurable to include a targetbeacon transmission time (TBTT) information field for each reported AP,wherein each of the TBTT information fields are encoded to include an APTBTT offset subfield and a MLD parameters subfield, wherein the MLDparameters subfield includes an MLD ID subfield and a link ID subfield,the MLD ID subfield indicating an identifier of the AP MLD to which areported AP is affiliated, and the link ID subfield indicating a linkidentifier of the reported AP to which the reported AP is affiliated,wherein the MLD ID subfield is configurable to indicate whether any ofthe reported APs are not affiliated with the AP MLD, and wherein theprocessing circuitry is further configured to encode the ML element toinclude a non-inheritance element per-AP profile for a reported AP toindicate elements that are not inherited by the reported AP from thereporting AP.
 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium ofclaim 11, wherein values to use for a reported AP are the values of acorresponding element of the reporting AP unless the correspondingelement is listed in the non-inheritance element for the reported AP.13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 12,wherein the processing circuitry is configured to refrain from includingthe non-inheritance element in the per-AP profile for the reported AP inthe ML element when all elements in the per-AP profile of the reportedAP are inherited by the reported AP from the reporting AP.
 14. Thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein theAP MLD is a logical entity comprising the plurality of the affiliated APand having a common medium access control (MAC) service access point(SAP) to a logical link control (LLC) entity of the AP MLD.
 15. Thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein thecommon MAC SAP is associated with the MAC address that is included inthe ML element to singly identify the AP MLD.
 16. An apparatus for anaccess point (AP) multi-link device (MLD) (AP MLD), the AP MLDcomprising a plurality of affiliated access points (APs) having a commonmedium access control (MAC) service access point (SAP) to a logical linkcontrol (LLC) entity of the AP MLD, the apparatus comprising: processingcircuitry; and memory, wherein the processing circuitry is configuredto: encode a multi-link (ML) probe response frame for transmission byone of the affiliated APs operating as a reporting AP, wherein the MLprobe response frame is encoded to include a ML element and a reducedneighbor report (RNR) element, the ML element including a MAC address ofthe AP MLD and information of the affiliated APs, wherein the common MACSAP is associated with the MAC address that is included in the MLelement to singly identify the AP MLD, wherein the RNR element isencoded to include a MLD parameters subfield that includes an MLD IDsubfield and a link ID subfield, the MLD ID subfield indicating anidentifier of the AP MLD to which a reported AP is affiliated, and thelink ID subfield indicating a link identifier of the reported AP towhich the reported AP is affiliated, wherein the MLD ID subfield isconfigurable to indicate whether any of the reported APs are notaffiliated with the AP MLD, and wherein the ML element includes anon-inheritance element per-AP profile for a reported AP to indicateelements that are not inherited by the reported AP from the reportingAP.
 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the RNR element includes aneighbor AP information field for each reported AP, the neighbor APinformation field configurable to include a target beacon transmissiontime (TBTT) information field for each reported AP, wherein each of theTBTT information fields are encoded to include an AP TBTT offsetsubfield the MLD parameters subfield.